Materials and Reagents

Glass-based Petri dish (glass diameter ϕ12 mm or ϕ27 mm, IWAKI)
MiniSOG2 construct driven by your chosen promoter, e.g., pSP-Neurog::miniSOG2-CAAX. Plasmid coding miniSOG2 (pcDNA3.1_miniSOG2 T2A H2B-EGFP) (Addgene, catalog number: 87410). The DNA sequence of miniSOG2-CAAX is shown in Table 1.
Arbitrarily chosen fluorescent protein driven by the same promoter used for identifying miniSOG2 positive cells, such as pSP-Neurog::mCherry-CAAX. DNA sequence of mCherry-CAAX is shown in Table 1.
Egg and sperm dissected from Ciona matured adults
Natural sea water

Table 1. Sequences for miniSOG2-CAAX and mCherry-CAAX

Equipment

Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), inverted type (OLYMPUS, Olympus fv1000)
Optical power meter (HIOKI, optical power meter 3664)
Optical sensor (HIOKI, optical sensor 9742)
High-speed camera (WRAYMER, WRAYCAM-VEX230M)
Stereoscopic microscope (OLYMPUS, Olympus SZX12)

Software

Olympus fv1000 viewer (OLYMPUS)

Procedure

Electroporate the miniSOG2 construct together with a fluorescence marker into Ciona fertilized egg (Christiaen et al., 2009). In the case of photoablating MN2R and MN2L, pSP-Neurog::miniSOG2-CAAX can be used to express miniSOG2 at MN2/A10.64, and pSP-Neurog::mCherry-CAAX to label the position of MN2 and determine the region of interest (ROI) for laser irradiation (Figure 1).
Tip: In the case of Ciona, electroporation should be conducted 30 min after fertilization. Both constructs will be observable after the embryo develops to mid-tailbud II (St. 22) (Akahoshi et al., 2021).
Place embryo on a glass-based Petri dish with natural sea water.
To evaluate the influence on photoablation of the targeted single neuron, image embryos with a high-speed camera (200 to 500 fps) attached to a stereoscopic microscope, before performing laser irradiation.
Place your embryo under a CLSM (Olympus fv1000).
Set the ROI for laser irradiation of your targeted neuron. Select the target neuron from the neurons labeled with fluorescence protein (e.g., mCherry. Excite the red fluorescence of mCherry with a 559-nm laser). To avoid photoablating other neurons, carefully check whether the ROI is restricted to your targeted neuron only, before conducting laser irradiation. Either Olympus 20× or 40× oil immersion lenses can be used as objectives.
Measure the 440-nm laser power density with an optical power meter and an optical sensor. Optimize dichroic filters or other optical equipment in your microscope so that the laser power density is at least more than 15 µW/cm².
Perform 440-nm laser irradiation of the ROI from the embryo’s lateral side (Figures 1, 2) for 10 min.
Tip: Every minute, turn the 440-nm laser off and ensure that embryo movement does not shift the ROI out of range from its original position. If the embryo moved during irradiation, reset the ROI to the targeted neuron again, and restart laser irradiation.

Figure 1. miniSOG2-transduced Ciona embryo. Lateral view of the fluorescence image (left) of a Ciona embryo (St. 22) electroporated with pSP-Neurog::mCherry-CAAX and pSP-Neurog::miniSOG2-CAAX. The image merged with differential interference contrast (DIC) is shown in the right panel. The signal of mCherry-CAAX seen in MN2 is indicated with a white arrowhead. ROI for laser irradiation is indicated with a yellow circle.

Figure 2. MiniSOG2-transduced Ciona embryo before and after laser irradiation. Lateral view of the fluorescence image merged with differential interference contrast (DIC) of Ciona embryo (St. 24) electroporated with pSP-Neurog::mCherry-CAAX and pSP-Neurog::miniSOG2-CAAX. The mCherry-CAAX signal seen in MN2 is indicated with a white arrowhead. ROI for laser irradiation is indicated with yellow circles. Left; before laser irradiation. Right; after laser irradiation.
As a negative control, photoablate other labeled neurons, or the same neuron only transduced with mCherry, not miniSOG2.
Thirty minutes after irradiation, image the irradiated embryos with a high-speed camera again. Check whether any changes occured in their behavior due to photoablation of the targeted neuron, and compare these changes with the embryos irradiated as control (Video 1).

Video 1. Behavior of control or miniSOG2-transduced Ciona embryos before and after laser irradiation.

Tail movements of both a control (pSP-Neurog::mCherry-CAAX) embryo and a miniSOG2-transduced (pSP-Neurog::mCherry-CAAX & pSP-Neurog::miniSOG2-CAAX) embryo, before and after 10 min of laser irradiation. Videos were captured with a high-speed camera. Tail movement of the control embryo occurred every 30 sec, and there was no significant change after laser irradiation. However, the miniSOG2-transduced embryo became immobile after laser irradiation.

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from Makhijani et al. (2017) and Akahoshi et al. (2021).

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

Akahoshi, T., Utsumi, M. K., Oonuma, K., Murakami, M., Horie, T., Kusakabe, T. G., Oka, K. and Hotta, K. (2021). A single motor neuron determines the rhythm of early motor behavior in Ciona. Sci Adv 7(50): eabl6053.
Christiaen, L., Wagner, E., Shi, W. and Levine, M. (2009). Electroporation of transgenic DNAs in the sea squirt Ciona. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2009(12): pdb prot5345.
Makhijani, K., To, T. L., Ruiz-Gonzalez, R., Lafaye, C., Royant, A. and Shu, X. (2017). Precision Optogenetic Tool for Selective Single- and Multiple-Cell Ablation in a Live Animal Model System. Cell Chem Biol 24(1): 110-119.