Assay for Protealysin-like Protease Inhibitor Activity

Materials and Reagents

1. Microcentrifuge tubes (1.5 mL) for reagent dilutions (SSI, catalog number: 1260)

2. Black 96-well polystyrene flat bottom microwell plate (Corning, catalog number: 3915)

3. 0.20 μm membrane filter (Corning, catalog number: 431219)

4. Protealysin (PLN) was produced in E. coli and purified as described in Gromova et al. (2009). Although PLN was used in the development of the protocol, other M4 family proteases can also be used. In particular, we successfully implemented the protocol without any modification with thermolysin from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus (Serva, catalog number: 36015)

5. Emfourin (M4in) was produced in E. coli and purified as described in Chukhontseva et al. (2021). The activity of other proteinaceous or low-molecular-weight inhibitors of M4 family peptidases can also be determined using the protocol

6. Substrate: 2-aminobenzoyl-L-arginyl-L-seryl-L-valyl-L-isoleucyl-L-(ϵ-2,4-dinitrophenyl)lysine [Abz-RSVIK(Dnp)] (Peptide 2.0)

7. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T1503)

8. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T3253)

9. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (MP Biomedicals, catalog number: 0219605525)

10. Assay buffer (see Recipes)

11. Substrate stock solution in DMSO (see Recipes). Can be stored at -20 °C without any loss in substrate properties; however, it is necessary to minimize freeze-thaw cycles

12. Protease (PLN) solution (see Recipes). Prepare immediately before analysis; do not store

13. Inhibitor (M4in) solution (see Recipes). Prepare immediately before analysis; do not store

Equipment

1. Desktop microcentrifuge (Eppendorf, Micro Centrifuge 5415)

2. Solid state laboratory thermostat for microcentrifuge tubes (DNA-technology, Thermit)

3. Temperature-controlled microplate reader capable of measuring fluorescence kinetics (BMG, CLARIOstar Plus)

Software

1. GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software)

Procedure

1. Prepare assay buffer and substrate and protein (PLN and M4in) stock solutions.

2. Add 120 μL of the substrate solution into the wells of a black 96-well plate (see Note 1).

3. Incubate the plate in a microplate reader at 37 °C for 10 min (see Note 2).

4. Remove 30 µL of the substrate solution from each well.

5. Preheat the assay buffer and protein stock solutions in a thermostat at 37 °C.

6. Add inhibitor solution or assay buffer into the wells according to Table 1:

   1. 15 μL of inhibitor solution for inhibition test.

   2. 15 μL of assay buffer for enzyme activity control (see Note 3).

   3. 30 μL of assay buffer for substrate control (see Note 4).

7. Incubate the mixtures in the reader at 37 °C for 1 min.

8. Start the reaction in inhibition test and enzyme activity control with 15 μL of PLN solution (Table 1). Immediately after adding the enzyme, mix the solutions once with a micropipette set at 80 μL. This operation reduces possible signal distortions in the beginning of the reaction.

9. Place the plate into the reader at 37 °C and record time-related fluorescence changes every 10 s for 15 min, at the excitation and emission wavelengths of 320 and 420 nm, respectively (see Note 5).

10. Transfer the substrate solution from the substrate control well into a spectrophotometer cell to measure the optical density at 365 nm. Use the concentration calculated from the obtained optical density as the initial substrate concentration in the hydrolysis reactions (see Note 6).

    
    

    Table 1. Composition of the assay mixtures
    

    Sample	Reagent	Concentration		Volume (μL)
    		In the reaction mixture	In the added solution
    Substrate control	Substrate	30 or 90 μM	40 or 120 μM	90
    	Assay buffer			30
    	Total:			120
    Enzyme activity control	Substrate	30 or 90 μM	40 or 120 μM	90
    	Assay buffer			15
    	Protease	50 pM	400 pM	15
    	Total:			120
    Inhibition test	Substrate	30 or 90 μM	40 or 120 μM	90
    	Inhibitor	0.5–3.5 nM	4–28 nM	15
    	Protease	50 pM	400 pM	15
    	Total:			120

Data analysis

Several independent measurements were made for each pair of substrate and M4in concentrations. The progress curves were plotted and analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. Detailed information of curve analyses can be found in the original research article (Chukhontseva et al., 2021). Characteristic progress curves are represented as an example (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Emfourin-mediated inhibition of the Abz-RSVIK(Dnp) hydrolysis catalyzed by protealysin. The Abz-RSVIK(Dnp) concentrations are 30 (A) and 90 (B) μM; the emfourin concentrations are 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3.5 nM; the protealysin concentration is 50 pM. The reactions were performed at 37 °C. Abz-RS (2-aminobenzoyl-L-arginyl-L-serin) is the product of the substrate hydrolysis. Conversion of the relative fluorescence units into the product concentration was made using calibration curves, as described previously (Karaseva et al., 2019).

Notes

1. As in the previously described PLN activity assay, in the inhibition assay the reactions were started by the enzyme addition (Chukhontseva et al., 2021). However, here we manage to significantly lower the enzyme concentration in the assay by adjusting the photomultiplier tube gain. The gain setting controls the amplification of the photomultiplier when converting fluorescent light into electrical current. We were able to conduct measurements using even lower enzyme concentrations (Figure 2). However, decreased concentrations lead to low signal and, consequently, decreased signal/noise ratio.

   
   

   
   Figure 2. Kinetics of Abz-RSVIK(Dnp) hydrolysis by protealysin at different concentrations. The protealysin concentrations are 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 2,500 pM; the Abz-RSVIK(Dnp) concentration is 30 μM. The reactions were performed at 37 °C. Abz-RS (2-aminobenzoyl-L-arginyl-L-serin) is the product of the substrate hydrolysis. Conversion of the relative fluorescence units into the product concentration was made using calibration curves, as described previously (Karaseva et al., 2019).

   
   

2. The substrate adsorption on microplates is the main reason for this operation. We previously studied the kinetics of substrate adsorption on microplates and observed that after 10 min of incubation the substrate concentration did not change during the reaction time (Karaseva et al., 2019).

3. Enzyme activity control was carried out to check the protease activity. This control was made every time a new solution was prepared and between independent measurements.

4. The main aim of the substrate control was to determine the substrate concentration in the reaction mixture. The substrate control was also necessary to prove that background noise was low and that there was no spontaneous substrate hydrolysis in the absence of the enzyme. Our further attempts to lower enzyme concentration failed because of high background noise of the substrate, which resulted in signal variations.

5. Here, the delay between enzyme addition and the start of the measurement was approximately 20 s.

6. Substrate stock solution preparation and further dilution were done in a way that DMSO concentration did not exceed 2.5% in the final reaction mixture. In this concentration range, DMSO has no significant effect on the hydrolysis of Abz-RSVIK(Dnp) by protealysin (Figure 3). Substrate concentrations up to 130 μM could be used in the reaction mixture, as described previously (Karaseva et al., 2019). Substrate concentration dependency on the reaction rate at 50 pM of enzyme is shown in Figure 4.

   
   

   
   Figure 3. Effect of DMSO on Abz-RSVIK(Dnp) hydrolysis rate by protealysin. The Abz-RSVIK(Dnp) concentration is 16 μM; the protealysin concentration is 50 pM. The reactions were performed at 37 °C.

   
   

   
   Figure 4. Michaelis–Menten saturation curve showing the relation between Abz-RSVIK(Dnp) concentration and the protealysin catalyzed reaction rate. The protealysin concentration is 50 pM. The reactions were performed at 37 °C.

Recipes

1. Assay buffer

   50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4

   Mix 1.653 g of Tris-HCl and 0.242 g of Tris with 240 mL dH₂O

   Adjust pH to 7.4 with HCl

   Add dH₂O to 250 mL

   Filter through a 0.20 μm membrane filter

2. Substrate stock solution

   Dissolve 2 mg of substrate in 400 μL of DMSO. To obtain the required substrate concentrations, dilute the stock solution in the assay buffer. Centrifuge the resulting substrate solution at 10,000 × g for 10 min but do not transfer it to a new tube since substrate can absorb on plastic (Karaseva et al., 2019). Determine the substrate concentration by the absorbance of 2,4-dinitrophenyl at 365 nm using the extinction coefficient ϵ₃₆₅nm = 1,7300 M¹ cm^-1 (Johanning et al., 1998). Keep substrate solution at room temperature during handling, prepare immediately before analysis, and do not store.

3. PLN and M4in solution

   Take a small quantity of lyophilized protein (PLN or M4in) on the end of a pipette tip and dissolve in 200 μL of the assay buffer. Centrifuge the solution at 10,000 × g for 10 min and transfer to a new tube to remove undissolved fraction. Determine the concentration of the resulting solution by absorbance at 280 nm using the extinction coefficients for PLN (ϵ₂₈₀nm = 52,370 M^­1cm^­1) and M4in (ϵ₂₈₀nm = 10,810 M^­1cm^­1) (Chukhontseva et al., 2021; Karaseva et al., 2019). To obtain the required protein concentrations, dilute the solution in the assay buffer. Keep protein solutions at room temperature during handling.

Acknowledgments

The work was carried out using the equipment of the Center of Cellular and Gene Technology of the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute.” This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 22-24-00135). This protocol was adapted from previous work (Chukhontseva et al., 2021).

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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