Materials and Reagents

Ultrafiltration column 4 mL Vivaspin Turbo 4 10000 MWCO (Sartorius, Vivaspin Turbo 4, catalog number: VS04T02)
Eppendorfs 1.5 mL (Lambda, Eppendorf, catalog number: 1003/G)
Polystyrene tube for urine 12 mL (Lambda, catalog number: 301402)
10–200 μL tips (Lambda, catalog number: 18260)
Kit Minicap Protein (Sebia Hispania S. A., Sebia, catalog number: 2203). Storage temperature between 2 °C and 30 °C
Kit Urine Dialysis Capillarys (Sebia Hispania S.A., Sebia, catalog number: 2013). Storage temperature between 2 °C and 30 °C
Capiclean (Sebia Hispania S.A., Sebia, catalog number: 2058). Storage temperature between 2 °C and 30 °C
Reconstituted buffer for 4 samples (see Recipes)

Equipment

Minicap + Phoresis system (Sebia Hispania, S.A., catalog number Minicap: 1232; Phoresis. Software version 8.6.3)
Centrifuge Nahita 2650 (Nahita, Nahita 2650, catalog number: 200352650000)

Software

Minicap computer program (Sebia Hispania S.A. www.sebia.com)

Procedure

Preparation of the urine prior to dialysis
1. Centrifuge 10 mL of urine in a rounded bottom tube at 1,342 × g for 10 min. Identify the tube.
2. Label the Eppendorf tubes. Transfer and aliquot supernatants obtained in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes with a Pasteur pipette. Aliquot a minimum of 4 mL, at 1 mL per Eppendorf. Freeze samples at -20 °C until dialysis.
  Note: As many supernatants as possible should be frozen, in case the dialysis process needs to be repeated. Additionally, 8 mL would be ideal, in case electrophoresis needs to be repeated.
Dialysis and concentration of the samples prior to capillary electrophoresis
Note: Urine is dialyzed and concentrated using 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off ultrafiltration columns, which are double membranous. This step is necessary not only to concentrate proteins, but also to avoid artifacts from contaminants (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Different parts of an ultrafiltration colums tube 4 mL capacity. The concentration membrane where proteins are retained, and waste deposit where disposals are collected.
1. Thaw 4 mL of urine supernatant from each individual to study at room temperature, and centrifuge the Eppendorf tubes at 1,609 × g for 10 min.
2. Transfer this sample to a 4-mL ultrafiltration column. Identify the ultrafiltration columns.
  Note: Columns with 15 mL of capacity are available. In this work, due to the difficulty obtaining a large amount of urine, 4-mL columns are preferred.
3. Centrifuge the ultrafiltration column with the urine at 1,878 × g for 25 min, or until a maximum volume of 500 μL is left in the column.
4. Simultaneously, prepare a solution containing 50% distilled water and 50% dialysis buffer (see table of materials) in a sterile container. Use two 10-mL syringes to prepare the solution. Mix this solution prior to its use.
5. Discard the urine that emerges at the bottom of the column (waste deposit, Figure 1). With a Pasteur pipette, add the washing solution prepared in point 4 to the ultrafiltration column (concentration membrane, Figure 1) with the urine, up to the 4 mL mark.
6. Centrifuge the column with the urine and the buffer solution at 1,878 × g for 20 min, or until a maximum of 400–500 μL are left in the column.
7. Homogenize the dialyzed urine with a fine tip micropipette (maximum capacity: 200 mL), and transfer the dialyzed urine to an Eppendorf.
  Note: The capillary electrophoresis equipment (see table of materials) requires a minimum of 100 μL.
Capillary electrophoresis of dialyzed samples
1. Start the electrophoretic computer program provided by the equipment manufacturer (Phoresis software version 8.6.3). Make sure that the analytical equipment is on too. Enter the program password: a pop-up window will appear and ask to continue with the current technique (protein) or change it to urine. You must change the work mode to urine. Make sure to check reagents and waste deposit before running the samples. A notification will appear on screen when the equipment is ready to process the samples.
  Note: This can be done during the dialysis and concentration of the samples, since the start-up process of the analytical equipment takes 15 min.
2. Once the equipment is ready, insert the Eppendorf tubes with the dialyzed and concentrated urine into the electrophoresis instrument. Insert samples in pairs to reduce reagent wastage. As soon as the samples are inside, the electrophoretic instrument starts automatically. Do not open the instrument’s door until the CE process is finished.
  Note: The analytical instrument can process 26 samples at the same time, and takes 10 min per sample.
Fraction separation
1. Phoretograms appear on the screen once the CE process is complete. Identify each phoretogram in the program with the patient’s number. Manually divide the phoretogram into five fractions—although the program establishes predetermined divisions, they are not designed for dog urine (Figure 2).
  Note: The computer program allows manipulations of the profile, such as changing the size or superposition of curves, to be done manually on the phoretograms obtained (Video 1).
Figure 2. Final result of capillary electrophoresis in urine. Phoretogram with the five divisions indicated, from a healthy 2 year entire female Border Collie. Health check was assessed by hematology, biochemistry, serum phoretogram, and complete urinalysis.

Video 1. Video of how a phoretogram can be divided and how quality control serum (yellow) is superimposed to the study curve (pink).

Recipes

Reconstituted buffer for 4 samples
Reagent Final concentration Amount
Dialysis Buffer n/a 8 mL
Distilled H₂O n/a 2 mL
Total 16 mL

Data analysis

The final result of CE in urine is a profile that represents the different protein fractions contained in dog urine, which varies depending on the amount of protein excreted.

The phoretogram was divided into five fractions based on serum CE. The different fractions that are obtained in each profile are F1—corresponding to albumin, F2—corresponding to alpha₁globulin, F3—corresponding to alpha₂globulin, F4—corresponding to beta globulin, and F5—corresponding to gamma globulin. These fractions were determined by superimposing a normal canine serum sample, diluted 1:49, and used as quality control, over the electrophoretic urine samples (Figure 3). Protein fractions were verified and, if necessary, corrected by visual inspection of the electrophoretogram.

Figure 3. Normal canine diluted serum (yellow) superimposed on the study curve (blue). The phoretogram is divided into five fractions (F1–F5) according to the diluted canine serum.

Notes

As quality control material, frozen aliquoted serum from a healthy dog was included, diluted 1:49 in running buffer, and migrated prior to any run and in each batch. Internal verification experiments were also performed; within-run and between-run experiments were performed, using urine from a healthy dog. This urine was stored at 4°C during the entire experiment, and dialyzed and concentrated for every run following the manufacturer’s protocol. Three migrations per sample and day (repeatability) were made for five consecutive days (reproducibility), with the objective of calculating the CV for each of the fractions of the urinary proteinogram (Table 1). The CV results were 3.38%, 3.84%, 7.25%, 4.43%, and 7.31% for F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5, respectively. In the between-run experiment, the CV results were 4.78%, 5.17%, 10.0%, 6.09%, and 9.66% for F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5, respectively (Figure 4).

Table 1. Daily coefficient of variation and total coefficient of variation obtained from repeatability (R1, R2, and R3) and reproducibility (Days 1–5) experiments from each fraction (F1–F5).

F1	R1(%)	R2(%)	R3(%)	CV_D(%)	CV_T(%)
Day 1	54	53.2	54	0.86	4.77
Day 2	45.3	49.8	55	9.70
Day 3	54.2	52.1	53.5	2.00
Day 4	53.5	53.4	51.3	2.35
Day 5	54.8	53.2	55.3	2.01
F2	R1(%)	R2(%)	R3(%)	CV_D(%)	CV_T(%)
Día 1	9.6	9.6	9.7	0.60	5.72
Día 2	11.2	11.2	9.6	8.66
Día 3	10.5	9.9	9.4	5.54
Día 4	10.9	10.4	10.1	3.86
Día 5	10.1	10	10.1	0.57
F3	R1(%)	R2(%)	R3(%)	CV_D(%)	CV_T(%)
Día 1	5.8	5.7	5.2	5.77	10
Día 2	6.8	5.7	5.8	9.97
Día 3	5.2	5.6	4.9	6.71
Día 4	5.1	5	5.2	1.96
Día 5	6.6	5.9	5.2	11.86
F4	R1(%)	R2(%)	R3(%)	CV_D(%)	CV_T(%)
Día 1	20.6	21	21	1.10	6.09
Día 2	23.3	22.2	20	7.69
Día 3	20.3	22.2	22.1	4.96
Día 4	19.5	21.2	21.2	4.75
Día 5	18.6	20	19.3	3.62
F5	R1(%)	R2(%)	R3(%)	CV_D(%)	CV_T(%)
Día 1	10	10.5	10.1	2.59	9.66
Día 2	13.4	11.1	9.6	16.83
Día 3	9.8	10.2	10.1	2.07
Día 4	11	10	12.2	9.95
Día 5	9.9	10.9	10.1	5.13

CV_D= Daily Coeficient of Variation; CV_T= Total Coeficient of Variation; R= Repetition

The limit of detection (LOD) was determined with the urine sample of the same healthy dog. Briefly, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, and 1:16 dilutions of the dialyzed urine in running buffer were run. The LOD was selected as the last dilution with an electrophoretic pattern equal to the undiluted urine, which was 1:8. The sensitivity obtained in the LOD experiment was 2.1 mg/L, and the initial sample protein concentration was 17.5 mg/L.

Figure 4. Reproducibility and repeatability experiment using a urine from a healthy dog during five consecutive days. Urine from a healthy dog should be stored at 4 °C, to be dialyzed and concentrated prior to every run.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir grant (UCV 2016-226-001) (to LG).

This work has been adapted from previous work (Navarro et al., 2021).

Competing interests

The authors have no competing interests to disclose.

Ethics

All experimental procedures have been approved by the research and ethics committee of the Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir (Valencia, Spain; UCV 2017-2018-33).

References

Chacar, F., Kogika, M., Sanches, T. R., Caragelasco, D., Martorelli, C., Rodrigues, C., Capcha, J. M. C., Chew, D. and Andrade, L. (2017). Urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein, albumin, vitamin D-binding protein, and retinol-binding protein as early biomarkers of chronic kidney disease in dogs. Physiol Rep 5(11): e13262.
Gay-Bellile, C., Bengoufa, D., Houze, P., Le Carrer, D., Benlakehal, M., Bousquet, B., Gourmel, B. and Le Bricon, T. (2003). Automated multicapillary electrophoresis for analysis of human serum proteins. Clin Chem 49(11): 1909-1915.
Giordano, A. and Paltrinieri, S. (2010). Interpretation of capillary zone electrophoresis compared with cellulose acetate and agarose gel electrophoresis: reference intervals and diagnostic efficiency in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol 39(4): 464-473.
Giori, L., Tricomi, F. M., Zatelli, A., Roura, X. and Paltrinieri, S. (2011). High-resolution gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulphate-agarose gel electrophoresis on urine samples for qualitative analysis of proteinuria in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 23(4): 682-690.
Hokamp, J. A., Leidy, S. A., Gaynanova, I., Cianciolo, R. E. and Nabity, M. B. (2018). Correlation of electrophoretic urine protein banding patterns with severity of renal damage in dogs with proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Vet Clin Pathol 47(3): 425-434.
Jenkins, M. A. (1997). Clinical application of capillary electrophoresis to unconcentrated human urine proteins. Electrophoresis 18(10): 1842-1846.
Jenkins, M. A. (2009). Serum and urine electrophoresis for detection and identification of monoclonal proteins. Clin Biochem Rev 30(3): 119-122.
Lavoue, R., Trumel, C., Smets, P. M., Braun, J. P., Aresu, L., Daminet, S., Concordet, D., Palanche, F. and Peeters, D. (2015). Characterization of Proteinuria in Dogue de Bordeaux Dogs, a Breed Predisposed to a Familial Glomerulonephropathy: A Retrospective Study. PLoS One 10(7): e0133311.
Lees, G. E., Brown, S. A., Elliott, J., Grauer, G. E., Vaden, S. L. and American College of Veterinary Internal, M. (2005). Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM Forum Consensus Statement (small animal). J Vet Intern Med 19(3): 377-385.
Mischak, H., Delles, C., Klein, J. and Schanstra, J. P. (2010). Urinary proteomics based on capillary electrophoresis-coupled mass spectrometry in kidney disease: discovery and validation of biomarkers, and clinical application. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 17(6): 493-506.
Navarro, P. F., Gil, L., Martin, G. and Fernandez-Barredo, S. (2021). Reference intervals for electrophoretograms obtained by capillary electrophoresis of dialyzed urine from healthy dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 33(4): 632-639.
Osatinsky, R. (2007). ¿Qué es la electrophoresis capilar? [What is capillary electrophoresis?] Bioquímica y patología clínica. 71: 60-66 Spanish.
Pelander, L., Brunchault, V., Buffin-Meyer, B., Klein, J., Breuil, B., Zurbig, P., Magalhaes, P., Mullen, W., Elliott, J., Syme, H., et al. (2019). Urinary peptidome analyses for the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in dogs. Vet J 249: 73-79.
Tappin, S. W., Taylor, S. S., Tasker, S., Dodkin, S. J., Papasouliotis, K. and Murphy, K. F. (2011). Serum protein electrophoresis in 147 dogs. Vet Rec 168(17): 456.
Theodorescu, D., Fliser, D., Wittke, S., Mischak, H., Krebs, R., Walden, M., Ross, M., Eltze, E., Bettendorf, O., Wulfing, C., et al. (2005). Pilot study of capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry as a tool to define potential prostate cancer biomarkers in urine. Electrophoresis 26(14): 2797-2808.
Théron, M. L., Piane, L., Lucarelli, L., Henrion, R., Layssol-Lamour, C., Palanche, F., Concordet, D., Braun, J. D., Trumel, C. and Lavoue, R. (2017). Effects of storage conditions on results for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of proteins in canine urine. Am J Vet Res 78(8): 990-999.
Yalcin, A. and Çetin, M. (2004). Electrophoretic separation of urine proteins of healthy dogs and dogs with nephropathy and detection of some urine proteins of dogs using immunoblotting. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 155: 104-112.
Zini, E., Bonfanti, U. and Zatelli, A. (2004). Diagnostic relevance of qualitative proteinuria evaluated by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis and comparison with renal histologic findings in dogs. Am J Vet Res 65(7): 964-971.