Materials and Reagents

Materials

Basix^TM 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 02-682-002)
Fisherbrand^TM 0.2 mL PCR Tubes (Fisherbrand, catalog number: 14-230-205)
50 mL centrifuge tubes (CellPro, catalog number: C5602)
50 mL centrifuge tubes (CellPro, catalog number: C5600)
250 mL Erlenmeyer glass flask (Corning, catalog number: 4980500)
150 mm × 15 mm Petri dish (Fisherbrand, catalog number: FB0875714)
4-Thiouracil (Alfa Aesar, catalog number: 591-28-6)
DL-Dithiothreitol (Sigma, catalog number: D9779)
0.5 mm zirconia beads (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 11079105z)
Aprotinin (Sigma, catalog number: A1153)
Pepstatin A (Sigma, catalog number, P4265)
Protease inhibitor Tablet mini, EDTA-free (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: A32955)
Triton X-100 (Sigma, catalog number: T9284)
Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (Sigma, catalog number: P7626)
Bio-Rad Protein Assay Dye Reagent Concentrate (Bio-Rad, catalog number: 5000006)
Streptavidin Sepharose^® High Performance (GE Healthcare, catalog number: GE-17-5113-01)
SuperScript^®III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, catalog number: 180-80-093)
RNaseOUT (Invitrogen, catalog number: P/W 100000840)
dNTPs (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP) (New England Biolabs Inc., catalog number: N0446S)
2× PCR master mixture (New England Biolabs Inc., catalog number: M0496S)
Pierce^TM Silver staining kit (Thermo Scientific, catalog number: 24612)
QIAzol reagent (QIAGEN, catalog number: 79306)
Chloroform (Sigma, catalog number: C2432)
Isopropanol (Sigma, catalog number: 19516)
RNase free water (Invitrogen, catalog number: 12183018)
Glycogen, RNA grade (Thermo Scientific, catalog number: R0551)
Ethanol (Pharmco Products, catalog number: 111000200)
Methanol (Fisher Chemical, catalog number: A412-4)
Acetic Acid, Glacial (Fisher Chemical, catalog number: A38-212)
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Sigma, catalog number: E9884)
Sodium acetate (Sigma, catalog number: S2889)
Bacteriological peptone (Thermo Scientific, catalog number: J20048-P5)
Yeast extract (Bio Basic, catalog number: 8013-01-2)
D-glucose (Sigma, catalog number: G8270)
Agar (Fisher Bioreagents, catalog number: BP9744-500)
Ultra-clear Quick dissolve Agarose (EZ Bioresearch, catalog number: S-1020-500)
Tris-Base (Fisher Bioreagents, catalog number: BP152-10)
Glycine (Sigma, catalog number: G8898)
Trichloroacetic acid (Sigma, catalog number: T6399)
Acetone (Sigma, catalog number: 179124)
Ammonium bicarbonate (AMBIC; Sigma, catalog number: A6141)
Iodoacetamide (IAA; Sigma, catalog number: I1149)
Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin (Promega)
Lysyl-endopeptidase^R(Lys-C, FujiFilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation)
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA; Sigma, catalog number: T1647)
Formic acid (Sigma)
Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin (Promega)
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (Sigma, catalog number: 11667289001)
β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) (Sigma, catalog number: 444203)
Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) (Sigma, catalog number: D5758)
Ethidium bromide (Sigma, catalog number: E1510)
Formaldehyde (Fisher Bioreagents: BP531-500)
Formamide (Sigma, catalog number: 47671)
DNase I (New England Biolabs Inc., catalog number: M0303S)
Yeast Nitrogen base (without amino acids) with ammonium sulphate (Sigma, catalog number: Y1251)
Amino acids (All amino acids from Sigma)
MOPS (Sigma, catalog number: M3183)
Potassium Chloride (Sigma, catalog number: P9541)
Magnesium acetate (Sigma, catalog number: M5661)
Brilliant Blue R (Sigma, catalog number: B7920)
Bromophenol blue (Sigma, catalog number: 114391)
Xylene Cyanol FF (Sigma, catalog number: X4126)
SC-uracil (complete synthetic medium without uracil)
YEPD (see Recipes)
Synthetic Complete (SC) medium with or without uracil or leucine (see Recipes)
1× PBS (see Recipes)
Buffer A (see Recipes)
Fixing solution for Coomassie staining (see Recipes)
Staining solution Coomassie staining (see Recipes)
Destaining solution Coomassie staining (see Recipes)
1× TE buffer (see Recipes)
10× MOPS buffer (see Recipes)
6× RNA loading dye (see Recipes)
Fixing solution for silver staining (see Recipes)
Sensitizer solution for silver staining (see Recipes)
Staining solution for silver staining (see Recipes)
Developer solution for silver staining (see Recipes)

Plasmids

D774, pRS426-ADH1-3’-BE-RMB (Ghosh et al., 2021)
D844, pRS425-ADH1-5’-RD-RMB (Ghosh et al., 2021)

Yeast strains

X2159, MATa his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 ura3Δ0 ire1::NatMX hac1::KanMX, pRS426-ADH1-3’-BE-RMB: URA3
X2160, MATa his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 ura3Δ0 ire1::NatMX hac1::KanMX, pRS425-ADH1-5’-RD-RMB: LEU2

Equipment

Shaking incubator (Innova 42, New Brunswick Scientific)
Spectro linker- XL-1000 UV crosslinker (Spectronics Corporation)
Centrifuge (Eppendorf 5415R)
Centrifuge (Eppendorf 5810R)
UV transilluminator (UVITEC Cambridge)
Thermocycler-T100 (Bio-Rad)
NanoDrop-1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific)
Incubator shaker (New Brunswick Innova 42)
Mini-100 Orbital shaker (Genie)
Diagger Vortex (Genie)
-80°C freezer (Sanyo)
Refrigerator (Sanyo)
Nutator shaker (Clay Adams)
High-Field Hybrid Ion Trap-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Elite)

Procedure

Culturing yeast strains and UV-crosslinking
Day-1: Sample Growth
1. Inoculate a single yeast colony of the strain X2159 and X2160 in 10 mL of SC-uracil and SC-leucine medium, respectively.
2. Grow the yeast overnight at 30°C in a shaking incubator.
Day-2: Sample Harvesting and UV-crosslinking
1. Inoculate the overnight culture to a starting OD₆₀₀ value ~0.1 in 100 mL of SC-uracil or SC-leucine medium in a baffled flask.
2. Grow the yeast at 30°C in a shaking incubator until the OD₆₀₀ value reaches ~0.6.
3. Add 100 µL of 0.1 M 4-thiouracil and 500 µL of 1.0 M DTT to each culture (final concentration of 4-thiouracil=100 µM and of DTT=5 mM).
4. Grow them for a further 3 h at 30°C in a shaking incubator.
5. Harvest each culture in a fresh 50 mL Falcon tube by centrifugation at 2,900 rpm (291 × g) for 10 min, using an Eppendorf 5810R.
6. Resuspend each cell pellet in 20 mL of 1× PBS and centrifuge at 2,900 rpm (291 × g) for 10 min, using an Eppendorf 5810R.
7. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet again in 20 mL of 1× PBS.
8. Place each cell suspension into a petri dish (150 mm × 15 mm) and UV-crosslink for 2.5 min twice, with a 2 min interval, using a Stratalinker 2400 UV crosslinker.
9. Transfer the cells into a 50 mL Falcon tube and centrifuge at 2,900 rpm (291 × g) for 10 min, using an Eppendorf 5810R.
10. Discard supernatant and store the cell pellet at -20°C.
Preparation of whole cell extract (WCE)
Day-3: Whole cell extract preparation and fractionation
1. Prepare Buffer A and keep it on ice for 5–10 min.
2. Take out the cell pellets from -20°C and immediately add 1 mL of Buffer A.
3. Resuspend the cells and place them in a fresh 1.5 mL microcentrifuge.
4. Add 500 µL equivalent of 0.5 mm zirconia beads to each cell pellet.
5. Break the cells using a vortexer for 10 min at 4°C.
6. Centrifuge the broken cells at 10,000 rpm (9,300 × g) for 10 min at 4°C using an Eppendorf centrifuge (5415R).
7. Collect the supernatant (WCE) which contains RNA-protein mixture in a fresh 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
8. Add 1 mL of Buffer A and repeat Steps B6 and B7. Collect the supernatant, and pool to the previously RNA-protein mixture.
9. Clarify the RNA-protein mixture by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm (15,700 × g) for 10 min at 4°C using an Eppendorf centrifuge (5415R).
10. Quantify protein concentration using the Bio-Rad Bradford’s reagent.
11. Quantify RNA using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer.
Pull down of biotinylated RNA-protein mixture from WCE
1. In a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube, mix 100 µL of streptavidin Sepharose resin with 500 µL of Buffer A and centrifuge at 2,000 rpm (400 × g) for 1 min using an Eppendorf centrifuge (5415R). Repeat this washing step at least five times.
2. Add 300 µg of protein from the WCE to 100 µL of washed streptavidin Sepharose resin.
3. Mix the reaction by inverting the tube 3–4 times and incubate at 4°C for 1 h on a nutator shaker.
4. Centrifuge the reaction mixture at 2,000 rpm (400 × g) for 1 min using an Eppendorf centrifuge (5415R). Discard the supernatant.
5. Resuspend the resin with 500 µL of Buffer A and centrifuge at 2,000 rpm (400 × g) for 1 min using an Eppendorf centrifuge (5415R). Repeat this washing step five times.
6. Add 50 µL of 2× SDS-loading dye to the resin.
7. Heat the samples for 5 min at 90°C and centrifuge at 10,000 rpm (9,300 × g) for 1 min using an Eppendorf centrifuge (5415R).
8. Load 15 µL of supernatant on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel.
9. Run the SDS-PAGE gel at a constant voltage of 120 V.
Detection of RNA binding proteins
1. Load the (i) protein ladder, (ii) input, and (iii) pull down samples on the SDS-PAGE gel. Run the SDS-PAGE gel at a constant voltage of 120 V.
Coomassie staining:
1. Fix the gel using the fixing solution for 1 h.
2. Remove fixing solution and stain the gel using the Coomassie staining solution for 30 min.
3. Remove staining solution, destain the gel in destaining solution overnight, and wash 3–4 times with double distilled water.
Silver staining:
1. Wash the gel in water twice for 5 min.
2. Fix the gel in fixing solution twice for 15 min.
3. Wash the gel twice in 10% ethanol for 5 min.
4. Wash the gel twice in water for 5 min.
5. Incubate the gel in sensitizer solution for 1 min.
6. Wash the gel twice in water for 1 min.
7. Incubate the gel in staining solution for 30 min.
8. Quickly wash the gel twice with water for 20 s.
9. Immediately add the developer solution and incubate until protein bands appear.
10. Add the stop solution, wash gently, replace with stop solution, and incubate for 10 min.
Pull down of biotinylated RNA-protein mixture and RNA isolation
1. Wash 200 µL of streptavidin Sepharose resin in a fresh 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube with 1 mL of Buffer A at 2,000 rpm (400 × g) for 1 min. Repeat the washing step at least five times.
2. Add 300 µg of RNA from the WCE to 200 µL of washed streptavidin Sepharose resin.
3. Mix the reaction by inverting the tube 3–4 times and incubate at 4°C for 1 h on a nutator shaker.
4. After incubation, spin down at 2,000 rpm (400 × g) for 1 min. Separate pellet (P) and supernatant (S) fractions.
5. Wash the P fraction with 1 mL of Buffer A at 2,000 rpm (400 × g) for 1 min. Repeat the washing step five times.
6. Isolate RNAs from both P and S fractions using the Trizol method (see below). Also, isolate RNA from the WCE (input).
Day-3: Whole cell extract preparation and fractionation
1. Add 1 mL of QIAzol reagent to each sample. Mix thoroughly by pipetting up and down.
2. Incubate on ice for 5 min.
3. Add 200 µL of chloroform and vortex thoroughly.
4. Incubate on ice for 2–3 min.
5. Spin down at 12,000 rpm (13,400 × g) for 15 min.
6. Transfer the aqueous phase containing RNA to a fresh tube.
7. Add 1 µL of RNase-free glycogen (20 µg) to the aqueous phase.
8. Add 500 µL of isopropanol to the aqueous phase, mix gently by inverting the tube, and incubate at -20°C overnight.
9. After incubation, spin down at 12,000 rpm (13,400 × g) for 20 min.
10. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 1 ml of 75 % ethanol.
11. Vortex briefly and spin down at 10,000 rpm (9,300 × g) for 5 min.
12. Discard the supernatant and air dry the pellet for 5–10 min.
  Note: DO NOT dry the pellet by vacuum centrifuge and DO NOT dry the pellet completely, to ensure the total solubilization of RNA.
13. Resuspend the pellet in 40 µL of RNase free water.
14. Incubate the RNA in 70°C for 3 min and immediately transfer to ice.
15. Quantify the RNA using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer.
16. Store the RNA at -80°C or proceed to cDNA preparation and RT-PCR.

cDNA preparation and Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR

Formaldehyde gel electrophoresis: Add 0.7 g of agarose to 50 mL of 1× MOPS buffer and heat to dissolve.
Add 730 µL of formaldehyde and 1 µL of ethidium bromide (10 mg/mL) to the gel, mix gently, and pour the gel in a gel casting tray inside a chemical hood.
RNA Sample preparation and electrophoresis: Take 1 µg of RNA sample in 10 µL with 1× MOPS buffer and mix with 2 µL of 6× RNA loading dye.
Heat the sample at 70°C for 3 min in a dry bath and immediately transfer it to ice.
Load the sample onto the formaldehyde gel. Run the gel in 1× MOPS buffer at a constant voltage (80 V).
Visualize RNA the in gel using a gel documentation system.
DNase I treatment (for 10 µL reaction): Mix together 10 µg of RNA, 1 µL of 10× DNase I reaction buffer, and 1 µL of DNase I in a 10 µL reaction mixture.
Incubate at 37°C for 10 min in a thermocycler.
Add 1 µL of 0.05 M EDTA to the reaction mixture (final concentration of 5 mM).
Inactivate the reaction by heating at 75°C for 10 min.

cDNA preparation: Prepare two master mixtures (MM1 and MM2) as shown below (Table 1):

Table 1. cDNA preparation

Master mix MM1 for 5 reactions		Master mix MM2 for 5 reactions)
Reagent	Volume (µL)	Reagent	Volume (µL)
10 mM dNTPs	5.0	5× RT buffer	20
*RMB-specific reverse primer (10 µM)	2.5	0.1 M DTT	5.0
DEPC water	40	RNaseOUT	1.0
		RTase	1.0

* 5’-CCCGCGACTATCTTACGCACTT-3’

Add 9.5 µL of MM1 and 2 µL of RNA (1 µg/mL) in a 0.2 mL PCR tube.
Incubate the reaction mixture at 70°C for 3 min.
Immediately transfer the tube onto ice.
Add 5.4 µL of MM2 to the reaction mixture to a final volume of 16.9 µL.
Place the tube in a thermocycler with the following setting.
Temperature Time Number of cycles
cDNA synthesis 50°C 45 min 1
Inactivation 65°C 10 min 1
Store cDNA samples at -80°C or proceed to PCR amplification.

PCR amplification of 3’-BE-RMB and 5’RD-RMB
1. Use the following primers to amplify the 3’-BE-RMB and 5’-RD-RMB cDNA.
  Primer Sequence (5’ to 3’)
  Forward primer for the 3’-BE-RMB 5’-ACGGAAAATGTACCAGAGTCGACGACG-3’
  Forward primer for the 5’-RD-RMB 5’-CATAACAACCTCCTCCTCCCCCACCTACG-3’
  Reverse primer from the RMB sequence 5’-CCCGCGACTATCTTACGCACTT-3’
2. PCR reaction: To 20 µL of 2× PCR super mix, add 1 µL of forward and reverse primer and 2 µL of cDNA, and bring the volume to 40 µL with water.
3. PCR conditions: Run the PCR cycle program as follows: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 2 min, then 30 cycles of denaturation: 95°C for 15 s, annealing: 55°C for 30 s, extension: 72°C for 30 s.
4. Gel electrophoresis: Load 5 µL of PCR products on 1.5% agarose gel and run at 110 V for 30 min. Visualize the DNA bands in gel by UV light.
Biotinylated RNA-bound protein digestion and clean up for Mass Spectrometry analysis
1. Take the remaining 45 µL of protein-RNA mixture from Section C, step 6 (in 2× SDS-loading dye) and dilute this to 900 µL with MilliQ water in a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
2. Immediately add 100 µL of 100% TCA solution, mix, and incubate on ice for 30 min.
3. Add 400 µL of cold acetone, mix, and incubate on ice for an additional 30 min.
4. Pellet the precipitated proteins by centrifugation at 16,000 × g for 10 min.
5. Carefully discard 1,200 µL of the supernatant with a P1000 pipette. Then, use a P200 pipette with a gel loading tip to remove the remaining 200 µL of supernatant, without disturbing the tiny pellet formed on the side of the tube facing away from the center of the centrifuge rotor. Of note, if <2–5 µg of protein is recovered, no pellet will be visible.
6. Add 800 µL of cold acetone, vortex, and centrifuge at 16,000 × g for 8 min.
7. Remove supernatant in two stages as in Step 5, but only 700 µL with the P1000 and 100 µL with the P200 pipette.
8. Add 800 µL of cold acetone, vortex, and centrifuge at 16,000 × g for 8 min.
9. Remove supernatant as in Step 7, and leave the tube open to air-dye for 5-30 min (lay the tube sideways to prevent any air-drop contamination).
10. Solubilize the pellet in 15 µL of 8 M urea in 50 mM AMBIC, pH 8.5, whenever the sample contains 10-80 µg of total protein. For samples with <10 µg protein, use half the volume for all the steps. For samples with >100 µg of protein, solubilize those with 8 M urea in 50 mM AMBIC, pH 8.5, to 4 µg/µL final concentration, and take 15 µL (60 µg) of that solution for the next steps.
11. If the pellet is not solubilized completely within 30 minutes at room temperature (RT), proceed to the next step to facilitate solubilization by reducing the cysteine disulfide bridges.
12. Add 2.5 µL of 25 mM DTT in 25 mM AMBIC, pH 8.5, and 42.5 µL of 25 mM AMBIC, pH 8.5.
13. Incubate the tube at 56°C for 15 min.
14. Cool to RT and add 3.0 µL of 55 mM iodoacetamide (IAA) in 25 mM AMBIC for 15 min (alkylation).
15. Terminate the alkylation reaction by adding 8 µL of 25 mM DTT. Considering a sample with 10–80 µg of protein, the total volume would be 71 µL [15 µL of 8 M urea (Step 10), 2.5 µL of 25 mM DTT and 42.5 µL of 25 mM AMBIC (Step 12), 3.0 µL of 55 mM IAA (Step 14), and 8 µL of 25 mM DTT (Step 15)].
16. Prepare the Trypsin/Lys-C protease mixture in 25 mM AMBIC, pH 8.5, with equal amounts (100 ng/µL) of Trypsin (Sequencing-Grade-Modified Trypsin) and Lys-C (Lysyl Endopeptidase). Add the Trypsin-Lys-C protease mixture to the protein substrate in a ratio of 1:30 (for example, 30 µg protein substrate will have 1 µg protease mixture).
17. Use 25 mM AMBIC, pH 8.5, to bring the total volume to 100 µL (50 µL for samples with <10 µg of protein substrate).
18. Incubate at 37°C overnight.
19. Terminate the digestion with 2.5% TFA to 0.3% final concentration (acidification).
20. Perform solid phase peptide extraction (according to the manufacturer’s protocol) prior to loading on the instrument. Bond Elute OMIX C18 (10–100 µL; 80 µg capacity) pipette tips from Agilent are preferred, due to binding capacity, reproducibility with small substrate amounts, and ease of use.
21. Dry the clean peptide samples and reconstitute in 0.1% formic acid to ~0.5–1 µg/µL final peptide concentration.
22. Inject 0.5 to 2 µL of sample for the nano LC-MS/MS analysis, depending on the sample complexity and instrument used.
23. Analyze the sample on a hybrid linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometer, where speed of MS/MS identifications in the ion trap is combined with high mass accuracy for the precursor peptides in the orbitrap. A nanoflow system for the chromatographic reverse-phase separation is also advised for greater sensitivity.
24. Set the Ion trap-Orbitrap as follows: MS1 resolution: 120–240k, mass range: 350–1,600 m/z, CID- or HCD-type MS/MS of 20–30 most intense ions detected in MS1 scan, limited redundancy with dynamic exclusion, and MIPS filter mode-ON.
25. Convert raw data files to mgf. file format using the Trans Proteomic Pipeline (Seattle Proteome Center, Seattle, WA) and search with the Mascot search engine (Matrix Science), or use the Proteome Discoverer suite (Thermo Fisher Scientific) without file conversion.
26. Use Mascot search engine with static cysteine carbamidomethylation and dynamic methionine oxidation, plus asparagine and glutamine deamidation as possible modifications.
27. Set the peptide tolerance at 10ppm and the fragment mass tolerance at 0.6Da (Ion Trap instruments).

Representative data: Experimental details used to validate the system are provided in the original published research article (Ghosh et al., 2021). In brief, we identified a previously uncharacterized protein called Pal2, which was bound to the 3’-BE-RMB. This was further confirmed by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The results can be accessed through the following link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34035143/.

Recipes

YEPD
Reagent Quantity
Bacteriological peptone 20 g
Yeast extract 10 g
H₂O 960 mL
Sterilize by autoclaving
Add 50 mL of 40% dextrose
Synthetic Complete (SC) medium with or without uracil or leucine
Reagent Quantity
Yeast Nitrogen base (without amino acids) with ammonium sulphate 6.7 g
Amino acid mix without uracil or leucine (Homemade) 2 g
H₂O 960 mL
Sterilize by autoclaving
Add 50 mL of 40% dextrose
1× PBS pH 7.4
138 mM NaCl
2.7 mM KCl
10 mM Na₂HPO₄
1.8 mM KH₂PO₄
Adjust pH to 7.4 with HCl
Buffer A
20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4
200 mM KCl (potassium chloride)
5 mM MgOAc (magnesium acetate)
1 mM DTT (dithioerythritol)
1 mM PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride)
1 µg/mL Aprotinin
1 µg/mL Pepstatin A
Protease inhibitor Tablet mini (1 tablet per 10 mL)
0.1% Triton-X-100
Fixing solution for Coomassie staining
50% Methanol
10% glacial acetic acid
Staining solution Coomassie staining
0.1% Coomassie brilliant blue-R250
50% Methanol
10% Glacial acetic acid
Destaining solution Coomassie staining
40% Methanol
10% Glacial acetic acid
1× TE buffer
10 mM tris-HCl pH 7.5
1.0 mM EDTA pH 8.0
10× MOPS buffer
0.2 M MOPS, pH 7.0
20 mM sodium acetate
10 mM EDTA pH 8.0
Dissolve 41.8 g MOPS (Sigma) in 700 mL of sterile water and adjust the pH to 7.0 with 2 N NaOH.
Add 20 mL of 1 M sodium acetate, 20 mL of 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0, and adjust the volume to 1,000 mL.
Store the buffer at room temperature
6× RNA loading dye
95% formamide
0.025% bromophenol blue
0.025% xylene cyanol FF
5 mM EDTA pH 8.0
Store at room temperature.
Fixing solution for silver staining
30% ethanol
10% acetic acid solution
Sensitizer solution for silver staining
50 μL of Sensitizer (Pierce^TM Silver staining kit) in 25 mL of water
Staining solution for silver staining
0.5 mL of Enhancer (Pierce^TM Silver staining kit) in 25 mL of Stain
Developer solution for silver staining
0.5 mL of Enhancer (Pierce^TM Silver staining kit) in 25 mL of Developer

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIGMS) (1R01GM124183) and the UWM Graduate School (Discovery and Innovation Grant). This protocol is derived from the original research article published by Ghosh et al. (2021) in Science Signaling (https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aaz4401).

Competing interests

Authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

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