Semi-automated Model to Accurately Counting Sympathetic Nervous Fibers

Figure 1. Demonstration of the automated counting process. A first macro creates a Region of interest (ROI) by automatically setting a threshold for TH positive areas (A). A second macro then lays the ROI over the corresponding peripherin stained image and creates masks wherever TH and peripherin staining are co-located (B, C). These masks are then counted and a list is displayed, showing the counts for each image that was analysed. A merge image is shown to illustrate the co-localization (D). White arrows indicate fibers that can be identified by eye, green arrows indicate those identified by co-localization only.

Materials and Reagents

1. Pipette tips (Starlab, TipOne 1 ml, 200 µl, 10 µl, catalog numbers: S1111-6001, S1111-0000, S1111-3000)
2. Microscopy cover glass (Engelbrecht, Cover Glass 24 mm x 60 mm, catalog number: K12460)
3. Microtome blades (Feather, Disposable Microtome Blade, catalog number: C-35)
4. Specimen molds (Sakura Finetek, Tissue-Tek Cryomold Intermediate 15 mm x 15 mm x 5 mm, catalog number: 4566)
5. Microscopy slides (VWR, Adhesion slides SuperFrost Plus 75 mm x 25 mm, catalog number: 631-0108)
6. PAP pen (Thermo Fisher, Super PAP Pen, catalog number: 008899)
7. Erlenmayer flask (Brand, Erlenmayer flask 250 ml, catalog number: 92736)
8. C57B/6J mice (Janvier Labs, C57B/6JRj, catalog number: C57B/6JRj)
9. Goat Serum (NGS) (Agilent Dako, Goat Serum (Normal), Whole serum, 10 ml, catalog number: X090710-8), store at 4 °C
10. Rabbit anti TH antibody (Merck, Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody, catalog number: AB152), store at -20 °C
11. Chicken anti Peripherin antibody (Abcam, Anti-Peripherin antibody, catalog number: ab39374), store at -20 °C
12. Goat anti Rabbit antibody (Invitrogen, Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 594, catalog number: A-11037), store at 4 °C
13. Goat anti Chicken antibody (Abcam, Goat Anti-Chicken IgY H&L (Alexa Fluor^® 488), catalog number: ab150169), store at 4 °C
14. Embedding Medium (Sakura Finetek, Tissue-Tek^® O.C.T.^TM Compound, 12 x 125 ml, catalog number: 4583), store at room temperature (RT)
15. Triton X (Sigma-Aldrich, Triton ^TM X-100, catalog number: T8787), store at RT
16. Paraformaldehyde (PFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Paraformaldehyde, reagent grade, crystalline, catalog number: P6148), store at 4 °C
17. Hydrochloric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Hydrochloric acid 36.5-38.0%, BioReagent, for molecular biology, catalog number: H1758), store at RT
18. Sodium Hydroxide (Merck, Sodium hydroxide 1.000 l, catalog number: 1099130001), store at RT
19. Prolong Gold (Invitrogen, ProLong^TM Gold Antifade Mountant with DAPI, catalog number: P36931), store at 4 °C
20. Phosphate buffered Saline (Gibco, PBS (10x), pH 7.4, catalog number: 70011044), store at RT
21. Liquid nitrogen (Linde, CRYOSPEED MED, catalog number: 4130919)
22. Deionized H₂O
23. 3% PFA (250 ml) (see Recipes)
24. PBS 1x (see Recipes)
25. Blocking solution (see Recipes)
26. Washing solution (see Recipes)
27. Secondary antibody diluent solution (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Cryostat (Leica, CM3000 Research Cryostat)
2. Microscope (Zeiss, Axioskop 2 plus)
3. Camera (Nikon, DSV Vi1)
4. PC (Intel Core i3-7100U CPU, 2.40 GHz, 8.00 GB RAM, Windows 10 Enterprise, 64-bit, Intel HD Graphics 620)
5. Magnetic stir heater (IKA, IKAMAG, catalog number: RET)
6. -80 °C freezer (Thermo Scientific, Forma 906, catalog number: 906)
7. Electronic scale (Sartorius, electronic precision scale, catalog number: 1465 MP8)
8. Shaker (Peqlab, Mini Rocker-Shaker, catalog number: MR-1)
9. Micro pipettes (Eppendorf, Research plus variable 0,1-1 ml, 20-200 µl, 2-20 µl, 0,5-10 µl, catalog numbers: 3123000063, 3123000055, 3123000039, 3123000020)
   

Software

1. ImageJ (NIH, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)
2. NIS-Elements (Nikon, https://www.nikon.com/)

Procedure

1. Tissue isolation and cryo fixation
   1. Isolate target tissue from mouse (e.g., spleen).
   2. Wash tissue once for 1-2 min in cold PBS 1x (4-8 °C).
   3. Put a basecoat of embedding medium in cryomold.
   4. Put the isolated organ/tissue into cryomold.
   5. Completely cover the tissue with embedding medium.
   6. Slowly lower the cryomold with the embedded tissue into liquid nitrogen.
   7. Wait until the whole block is frozen solid.
   8. Store embedded tissues at -80 °C until sectioning.
      
      
2. Cryosectioning of the tissue
   1. Different tissues require different temperatures within the cryostat for optimal sections (depends on fat content, tissue density, etc.; a list of temperatures for different tissues is included in the manual for the Leica cryostat at: https://www.leicabiosystems.com/histology-equipment/cryostats/leica-cm3050-s/).
   2. Make sure the microtome blade is not dull (if marks or damage are visible or sections do not come off the blade easily or are disrupted during the sectioning process, replacing the blade might be necessary).
   3. Place the cryomold with the embedded tissue in the cool chamber of the cryostat for at least 30 min to allow equilibration of temperatures.
   4. When the embedded tissue has reached “sectioning temperature”, glue it to the specimen holder (part of the cryostat) using embedding medium. Make sure the tissue block is fixed and evenly glued to the specimen holder.
      Note: Embedding medium might solidify rapidly on the cold specimen holder.
   5. Wait for about 10 min to allow the embedding medium to completely solidify.
   6. Set the Cryostat to 100 µm steps and start trimming at 100 µm after 3 sections reduce trimming thickness to 50 µm. Perform each trimming step for 3 sections until you reach the desired thickness of the sections (in this case 3-5 µm because the thinner the sections are, the clearer the images will be later. Thicker sections cause images to be more diffuse).
      Note: If there is only very little tissue to begin with, start trimming at thinner sections, or try sectioning the desired thickness right away.
   7. Once reproducible sections of the desired thickness are produced, start collecting them by adhering them to microscopy slides.
   8. Leave the microscopy slides with the adherent tissue sections at room temperature (RT) to dry for at least 5 min.
      
      
      
3. Fixation of sections
   1. Draw a circle of hydrophobic paraffin around the sections using PAP pen.
   2. Let the circles dry for about 1-2 min.
   3. Add about 100-300 µl of 3% PFA (Recipe 1) to each circle (liquid should not flow over the edges of the circles).
   4. Fixate tissue sections for 15 min at RT.
   5. Shake the PFA off of the slides and wash slides in a cuvette with PBS 1x for 10 min.
      
      
4. Immunofluorescence staining
   1. Block (to reduce unspecific binding of antibodies) by adding blocking solution (Recipe 3) to each circle and incubate for 1 h at 4 °C.
   2. Aspirate the slides and add the primary antibodies (Rabbit anti TH antibody and Chicken anti Peripherin antibody) diluted 1:200 in blocking solution. Incubate overnight at 4 °C.
   3. Wash with washing solution (Recipe 4) for 10 min on a shaker at very low RPM (20-30 RPM). After 10 min, place the slides in fresh Washing buffer. Repeat wash for a total of three times.
      Note: Work in the dark from this point to avoid bleaching of fluorophores.
   4. Add secondary antibodies (Goat anti Rabbit antibody labeled with Alexa Fluor 594 and Goat anti Chicken antibody labeled with Alexa Fluor 488) diluted 1:1000 in secondary antibody diluent solution (Recipe 5) and incubate for 2 h at RT.
   5. Wash with PBS 1x for 10 min on a shaker at very low RPM (20-30 RPM). After 10 min, place the sections in fresh washing buffer. Repeat wash for a total of three times.
   6. Add 100-300 µl of Prolong Gold to each circle and cover the slide with a cover glass. Wipe off excess mounting medium with a paper tissue.
   7. Leave the slides at RT overnight to allow the Prolong Gold to cure.
   8. After the mounting medium has cured, store the slides at 4 °C until image acquisition.
      
      
      
5. Image acquisition
   1. Capture individual images for TH, Peripherin and DAPI with 400 fold magnification (In this case 40x Neofluotar Zeiss Objective, the macros have been written for images of 400 fold magnification. If different magnifications are used, the particle size in the second macro needs to be adjusted. The macros have not been tested with images from more advanced microscopy setups, such as confocal systems. The higher signal to noise ratio could possibly lead to more precise fiber counts since thresholding is expected to be more precise).
   2. Create separate folders for TH, Peripherin and DAPI.
   3. Number the corresponding images accordingly when saving (e.g., TH1, Peripherin1, DAPI1; TH2, Peripherin2, DAPI2…).
      
      
      
6. Automated fiber counting
   1. To add the counting macros to ImageJ (see Figure 2):
      1. Open ImageJ and click Plugins -> New -> Macro.
      2. Copy each macro from the supplement (Macros can be found in Supplement File and add the text to the empty new macro window.
      3. Save each macro where you will find it again and name them either TH.txt or Peripherin.txt.
         
      
      
      Figure 2. Instructions to add new macros to ImageJ. In order to install a new macro from text, open ImageJ, click on “Plugins” and click on “New” in the drop down menu. Then choose macro. A new window will open. You can now copy the code from the supplement into the new window. After the text was inserted, click “File”, “save as” and save the macros under a suitable name (in this case TH.txt and Peripherin.txt). Do not forget to add “.txt” to the file names, otherwise ImageJ will not be able to load the macros.
      
      
   2. To run the macros, click Plugins -> Macros -> Run. Select the TH macro and run it for the TH folder to create regions of interest (ROIs) for TH positive areas (see Figure 3).
      
      
      Figure 3. Instructions to run the first macro. The first macro is used to create ROIs of TH positive areas in the images in one folder. To run the macro, click “Plugins”, “Macros” and “Run”. Load the macro from where you saved it in step F1c. The Macro will ask you for an input and an output folder. Select the folder that contains the images of your TH stainings for both. The macro will then create an ROI for each of the images in the selected folder. The macro automatically sets a threshold for each image using the “Otsu dark” function of the ImageJ “Auto Threshold”. ROIs are then created based on the thresholds. In the ROI manager click on “more” and “save” to save the list to a location where you can easily retrieve it. If you are going to continue immediately with the second macro, you can leave the ROI manager open. Close the “Log” window, the “Threshold Color” window and all the images, that were opened by the macro (each of the images from the selected folder will be opened on the desktop).
      
      
   3. Save the ROI list.
   4. Click Plugins -> Macros -> Select and run the Peripherin macro for the folder containing the peripherin images. This will scan for Peripherin positive areas within the TH positive ROIs (see Figure 4).
      
      
      Figure 4. Instructions to run the second macro. The second macro is used to count peripherin positive particles within the TH positive ROIs. Before you run the second macro, make sure the ROI manager with the corresponding ROIs is open. Then run the macro by clicking “Plugins”, “Macros”, “Run” and selecting the Peripherin macro. The macro will once again ask you for an input and an output folder. This time choose the folder containing the images of your peripherin stainings for both. The macro automatically sets a threshold for each image using the “Default dark” function of the ImageJ “Auto Threshold”. Masks are created based on the threshold and these masks are counted by the “Analyse Particles” tool of ImageJ. Only masks of a size above 23 pixels are counted. If a lower magnification is used, the size needs to be decreased in the code. In the “Summary” window, the macro will create a list of all images within the selected folder showing the number of particles that were counted in each of them. All items on the list can be marked by pressing “ctrl-A” and copied into a data processing software by left-clicking and choosing copy. After the list has been copied, close ImageJ completely.
      
      
   5. A count of particles for each image (image 1, image 2, image 3…) will be listed. Copy the list into the software you want to use for statistical analysis.
   6. Analyze data with software of your choice.
      
      The method has been validated in comparison to manually counting the fibers in the original publication by Bleck et al. (2019). For examples of images from submandibular gland and heart sections with their corresponding counts see Figure 5.
      
      
      Figure 5. Examples of counts from images of submandibular gland and heart sections. A shows the staining and the counts from a submandibular gland section. The submandibular gland is densely innervated with SNS fibers. In comparison, B shows the staining and the result from a much less innervated heart section.

Recipes

1. 3% PFA (250 ml)
   Pre-heat about 200 ml of de-ionized (DI) H₂O to 60 °C in an Erlenmayer flask on a magnetic stir heater.
   1. Weigh 7.5 g of of PFA in a 50 ml reaction tube
   2. Add about 40 ml of pre-heated H₂O to the PFA and mix well
   3. Add the mixture to the rest of the H₂O and keep stiring it
   4. Add 0.75 ml of 5 M NaOH
   5. Keep stiring, wait till the solution becomes clear
   6. Add 25 ml of 10x PBS
   7. Add 300 µl of concentrated HCl
   8. Adjust pH to 7 (adding either HCl or NaOH)
   9. Fill up to 250 ml with DI H₂O
   10. Let the solution cool before tissue fixation
   11. Keep solution at 4 °C for about a week or prepare aliquots to freeze away at -20 °C for later use (Do not use after thawing more than once)
2. PBS 1x
   Add 1 volume of PBS 10x to 9 volumes of deionized H₂O
3. Blocking solution
   Add 2% NGS and 0.3% Triton X to the required volume of PBS 1x
4. Washing solution
   Add 0.3% of Triton X to the required volume of PBS 1x
5. Secondary antibody diluent solution
   Add 2% of NGS to the required volume of PBS 1x
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was established for the original research paper “Introduction and validation of a new semi-automated method to determine sympathetic fiber density in target tissues” (Bleck et al., 2019).

Ethics

C57B/6J mice used to establish this protocol were bred and sacrificed for organ extraction at the animal experiment facility of the University of Düsseldorf (ZETT). All methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines under the project ID O 57/15.

References

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