Wheat Coleoptile Inoculation by Fusarium graminearum for Large-scale Phenotypic Analysis

Materials and Reagents

1. Pipette tips (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: T-300-R-S )
   
2. Disposable paper towels (Vinda Classic Blue 1800, Vinda, catalog number: V4028 )
   
3. 24-well cell culture plate (Corning, Costar^®, catalog number: 3524 )
   
4. Sterile toothpick
   
5. Microtubes (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: MCT-150-C )
   
6. Medical-grade gauze (regular cotton yarn, Shanghai Honglong Medical Material Company)
   
7. Medical-grade absorbent cotton (Shanghai Honglong Medical Material Company)
   
8. Enamel tray (20x 30 x 5 cm)
   
9. Glass slides (specifications: 76.2 x 25.4 mm, thickness: 1.0-1.2 mm) (Livingstone, catalog number: 7105-1 )
   
10. Cover slips (specifications: 24 x 50 mm, thickness: 0.13-0.16 mm) (CITOTEST LABWARE MANUFACTURING, catalog number: 10212450C )
    
11. Fungal strains: F. graminearum wild-type strain PH-1 (NRRL 31084), AmCyanPH-1 (Zhang et al., 2012) and gene deletion mutants of PH-1 (Zhang et al., 2012 and 2016)
    
12. Plant material: Wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Zhongyuan 98-68 (susceptible to F. graminearum and widely cultured in Henan, China)
    
13. Sterile water
    
14. V8 vegetable juice (CAMPBELL, catalog number: V8^® ORIGINAL )
    
15. Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)
    
16. Agar powder
    
17. Mung beans
    
18. V8 juice agar medium (He et al., 2016; see Recipes)
    
19. Mung bean liquid medium (He et al., 2016; see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. 500 ml flask
   
2. Pipettes (Eppendorf)
   
3. Growth chamber (Ningbo Jiangnan Instrument Factory, model: RXZ-1000 )
   
4. Mould cultivation cabinet (Yiheng, model: MJ-150-I )
   
5. Biological safety cabinet (ESCO Micro, model: FHC-1200A )
   
6. Constant temperature shaker (Taicang, model: DHZ-DA )
   
7. Hemocytometer (0.10 mm, 1/400 mm²) (QIUJING, model: XB-K-25 )
   
8. Fluorescent microscope (Olympus, model: Olympus BX51 )
   
9. Confocal microscope (Olympus, model: Fv10i )
   
10. Centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, model: Avanti J-E Series )
    
11. Camera (Canon, model: EOS 7D )
    
12. Autoclave
    
13. Rule

Software

1. ImageJ (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/index.html)
   
2. Microsoft Excel
   

Procedure

1. Preparation of wheat seedlings
   1. Soak the wheat seeds at room temperature in a 500 ml flask, and rinse with running water overnight (Figure 1A).
      Note: Prepare about 20 seeds for each inoculation treatment to make sure at least 12 germinated seedlings can be used for each inoculation treatment in one experiment. For example, to examine the virulence of two strains of mutant F. graminearum, along with one wild-type strain and mock inoculation, 80 seeds need to be soaked.
      
   2. Place the imbibed seeds in a medical enamel tray containing 2 layers of wet gauze (Figure 1B) and germinate in the dark for 1 day at 25 °C in a growth chamber.
      Note: Cover the tray with the lid to keep the gauze wet during germination.
      
   3. Put a small piece of paper towel in each well of 24-well cell culture plates and drench with water. Transplant the germinated seeds to 24-well cell culture plates, one seed per well (Figure 1C).
      
   4. Grow the plants in the growth chamber for 1 day under controlled environment conditions at 25 °C with a 12 h light/12 h dark photoperiod.
      
      
      Figure 1. Germination of wheat seeds. Wheat seeds were rinsed in flask with water (A) for one night and then transferred to an enamel tray with wet gauze (B). The germinated seeds were transplanted to 24-well cell culture plates (C). The ruler has scale in mm.
      
      
2. Preparation of F. graminearum conidia suspension
   1. From a stock culture, pick a small quantity of F. graminearum mycelia using a sterile toothpick, and transfer to a fresh V8 agar plate. Incubate the culture in 25 °C growth chamber for 3-5 days.
      
   2. Scrape the V8 agar plate, now full of aerial hyphae with a sterilized tweezer, and pick up some pieces. Transfer these pieces into 100 ml sterilized mung bean liquid medium, then incubate in a constant temperature shaker at 25 °C and 150 rpm for 3-5 days.
      
   3. Filter the mung bean liquid medium culture, then collect the filtered liquid medium into a sterile 250 ml centrifuge bottle. Centrifuge at 7,500 x g for 10 min at room temperature.
      
   4. Discard the supernatant and re-suspend the conidia pellet in 1 ml sterile water by pipetting, then transfer the conidia suspension into a 1.5 ml sterile centrifuge tube. Wash the pellet three times using sterile water.
      
   5. Resuspend the conidia pellet in sterile water and adjust the concentration to 10⁶ conidia/ml.
      Note: The suspension should be used for inoculation within 2 h. Resuspend the conidia just before inoculation.
      
      
3. Wheat coleoptile inoculation
   1. Cut off the top 1-2 mm of coleoptiles of three-day-old wheat seedlings and add 2 μl F. graminearum wild-type or mutant suspension (10⁶ conidia/ml) to the top of remaining seedling (Figure 2B and Video 1). For mock-inoculation controls, add 2 μl sterile water to the wounded sites.
      Note: Check the status of seedlings before inoculation. The coleoptiles of the seedlings ready for inoculation should have not been ruptured, see Figure 2A.
      
      
      Figure 2. Inoculation of wheat seedlings with conidia suspension. A. Wheat seedlings growing at day 3; B. Process for wheat seedling inoculation; C. Inoculated wheat seedlings; D. Cross section micrograph of wheat seedling. The image inserted in the middle of (B) shows microscopic examination of the conidia suspension on a hemocytometer just before inoculation. C: coleoptile; L: leaf; V: vascular bundle. Scale bars = 20 μm.
      
      
      
      Video 1. Process for wheat seedling inoculation
      
      
   2. Grow the inoculated plants in a growth chamber for another 7 days under controlled environment conditions at 25 °C with a 12 h light/12 h dark photoperiod and 95% relative humidity. The infection progress of fluorescently-tagged F. graminearum strains can be tracked under microscopy (step C4).
      Note: The lesions caused by F. graminearum are inconspicuous at the early infection stage (e.g., 1 day post inoculation, dpi). At 2-3 dpi, the coleoptiles at the inoculation sites are turning dark brown and there are aerial hyphae (Figure 3A).
      
      
      Figure 3. Symptom of F. graminearum infection on wheat seedlings. A. Infected wheat seedlings at 3 dpi (day post inoculation). White arrows show the lesions caused by F. graminearum. B. Growth of F. graminearum hyphae inside wheat coleoptiles. H: hyphae; PC: plant cell. White scale bars represent 20 μm. C. Infected wheat seedlings at 7 dpi; D. Lesion size caused by F. graminearum strains. Black scale bar represents 1 cm. Measurements of one representative experiment are shown. Data are means ± SD (n = 12), *P < 0.001 (significant), Student’s t-test.
      
      
   3. Measure the lesion size on coleoptiles of infected wheat seedlings at 7 dpi by photographing them with a ruler as reference (Figure 3C).
      Note: Repeat the experiment at least three times, each time use at least 12 seedlings per treatment.
      
   4. Microscopic observation of wheat coleoptile infection by fluorescently-tagged F. graminearum strains (optional).
      The conidia germinated on the coleoptile surface within 10 h-after-inoculation (HAI), and spread quickly inside host tissue from 16 HAI to 64 HAI (Zhang et al., 2012).
   1. Harvest wheat seedlings at given time point after inoculation, and cut off the coleoptiles according to the lesion size.
      
   2. Place coleoptiles on a glass slide immersed in sterile water covered by a coverslip.
      
   3. Examine coleoptiles using Olympus BX51 microscope or Olympus Fv10i as described in (Zhang et al., 2012; He et al., 2016).
      
   5. Chemical treatment (Figure 4) (optional).
   1. Prepare cotton strips (4 x 2 cm).
      
   2. Wrap the cotton strips around the top of the coleoptiles of 1 dpi wheat seedlings (Video 2).
      
   3. Add chemical solutions (amino acid solutions, etc.) to the cotton strips.
      
   4. Grow the wheat seedlings in a growth chamber for another 6 days under conditions described in step C2.
      
      
      Figure 4. Process for chemical treatment on wheat coleoptiles after inoculation. One day after inoculation, seedlings ready for chemical treatment are shown in the top panel. Note that new leaves have protruded from the coleoptile. Prepare cotton strips, and wrap the wound sites of the coleoptiles with cotton strips (middle panel). Then pipette chemical solutions (20-40 μl) to the wrapped cotton strips.
      
      
      
      Video 2. Wrapping the wheat seedling with cotton strip

Data analysis

The longitudinal length of brown lesions on wheat coleoptiles was measured as the lesion size (Figure 5) at the indicated time using ImageJ. Open the photo taken at 7dpi in ImageJ and choose straight line option to measure 1 cm of ruler in the photo as scale, and set the length as 1 cm. Then measure the length of brown lesions (Figure 5A) and export measurements to excel sheet (Figure 5B). Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the virulence with Microsoft Excel (Figure 5C). The diminished lesion size is interpreted as reduced virulence of F. graminearum on wheat coleoptiles (Figure 5D).


Figure 5. Lesion size measurements and statistical analysis. A. Representative image of seedlings after 7 days inoculation of wild-type (WT) or mutant (M1) strains of F. graminearum. Red lines indicate the ImageJ straight line tool measuring the lesion size. B. The sample data sets of lesion sizes of WT and M1 from three independent experiments in excel. C. Calculation of averages of experimental average lesion sizes and standard errors (SE), and perform t-test analysis. D. Results are charted in bar graph.

Notes

In step C2, it is important to maintain a high humidity environment during the infection progress of F. graminearum.

Recipes

1. V8 juice agar medium (1L)
   168 ml V8 vegetable juice
   1 g CaCO₃
   15 g agar powder
   Autoclave at 121 °C for 20 min
   
2. Mung bean liquid medium (1 L)
1. 40 g mung beans (Vignaradiata) (dried, available at grocery stores or supermarket)
   
2. Put mung beans in boiling water, then boil for about 10 min and cool to room temperature
   
3. Filter through gauze and discard the bean residue
   
4. Add up to 1 L with distilled water
   
5. Autoclave at 121 °C for 20 min
   

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Sheila McCormick for editing this protocol. This protocol was modified from previous inoculation method Wu et al., 2005 and Zhang et al., 2012. The research in the Tang lab was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of China (Grant 2016ZX08009-003),the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2016YFD0100600), and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB11020500).

References

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