In vitro Studies: Inhibition of Nevirapine Metabolism by Nortriptyline in Hepatic Microsomes

Materials and Reagents

1. 10 ml polypropylene tube 16 x 95 mm (Deltalab, catalog number: 400900 )
   
2. 5 ml ultracentrifuge tube 13 x 51 mm (Beckman Coulter, catalog number: 326819 )
   
3. 1.5 ml screw cap vial 32 x 11.6 mm
   
4. 7.5 ml screw cap tube 13 x 100 mm
   
5. Wistar rat livers
   
6. Saline solution (Laboratorios ERN, catalog number: 999790 )
   
7. Protein Standard (2 mg BSA) (BD Biosciences, Falcon^®, catalog number: P5619 )
   Note: Currently, it is “Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P5619”.
   
8. Na₂CO₃ (EMD Millipore Corporation, catalog number: 106392 )
   
9. Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄^.5H₂O) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 209198 )
   
10. Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 217255 )
    
11. Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (EMD Millipore Corporation, catalog number: 109001 )
    
12. Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄) (BD Biosciences, Falcon^®, catalog number: 60229 )
    Note: Currently, it is “Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 60229”.
    
13. Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄) (Sigma-Aldrich, Falcon^®, catalog number: 56814 )
    
14. KCl (EMD Millipore Corporation, catalog number: 104936 )
    
15. Ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt-2-hydrate (EDTA) (Riedel-de Haën, catalog number: 34549 )
    Note: Currently, it is “Sigma-Aldrich, FLUKA, catalog number: 34549 ”.
    
16. Sucrose (BD Biosciences, Falcon^®, catalog number: 84100 )
    Note: Currently, it is “Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 84100”.
    
17. K₂HPO₄^.3H₂O (AppliChem GmbH, catalog number: 122333 )
    
18. Nevirapine (Viramune) (Boehringer Ingelheim)
    
19. Methanol, HiPerSolv CHROMANORM for HPLC-Gradient Grade (VWR International, Prolabo, catalog number: 20864.320 )
    
20. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (minimum 99.5% GC, plant cell culture tested) (Sigma -Aldrich, catalog number: D4540 )
    
21. Nortriptyline hydrochloride, minimum 98% TLC (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: N7261 )
    
22. D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium salt hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G7250 )
    
23. β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate disodium salt (β-NADP) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 93205 )
    
24. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G5760 )
    
25. MgCl₂^.6H₂O, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M2393 )
    
26. Acetonitrile (VWR, Prolabo, catalog number: 83639.320 )
    
27. Human liver microsomes pooled from 50 different individual donors (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: HMMCPL )
    
28. Sodium hydroxide (extra pure, pellets) (Scharlab,S.L., catalog number: SO0420005P )
    
29. Ethyl acetate (extra pure) (Scharlab,S.L., catalog number: AC01431000 )
    
30. NaH₂PO₄^.2H₂O (Guinama, catalog number: 90790 )
    
31. Triethylamine (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T0886 )
    
32. 50 mM sodium-potassium phosphate buffer (see Recipes)
    
33. 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (see Recipes)
    
34. Lowry reagent (see Recipes)
    
35. 50 mM sodium phosphate monobasic buffer (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Surgical tools
   
2. Scissors
   
3. Spectrophotometer (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, model: U-2900 )
   
4. 1 cm polystyrene spectrophotometer cuvette (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C5219 )
   
5. Thermostatic water bath
   
6. Refrigerated centrifuge (Sigma Laborzentrifugen, model: 2K15 )
   
7. Refrigerated ultracentrifuge (130,000 rpm) (Beckman Coulter, model: Optima^TM MAX ultracentrifuge )
   
8. Tissue Grinder, Potter-Elvehjem type, 30 ml Glass Vessel and Plain Plunger (VWR, Prolabo, catalog number: 432-0204 and 89026-400 , respectively)
   

Procedure

1. Inhibition of the nevirapine metabolism by nortriptyline in rat hepatic microsomes
   
   1. Isolate rat liver microsomes following these steps:
      
      1. Sacrifice a total of 5 Wistar rats (280-310 g) by isoflurane inhalation.
         
      2. Open the abdominal cavity of each rat, excise the liver and place it into a beaker containing saline solution.
         
      3. Wash the liver with saline solution and place it on a paper towel.
         
      4. Weigh the liver and cut it into small pieces at 4 °C.
         
      5. Place the liver into the glass vessel and add 5x its mass in volume of 50 mM sodium-potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1.15% (wt/vol) KCl, 2 mM EDTA, and 0.25 M sucrose.
         
      6. Homogenize the liver with the tissue grinder until a complete homogeneous solution is obtained.
         
      7. Transfer the homogenate to 10 ml polypropylene tubes and centrifuge (4 °C) at 9,000 x g for 10 min.
         
      8. Transfer the supernatant to ultracentrifuge tubes and centrifuge (4 °C) at 150,000 x g for 1 h.
         
      9. Resuspend the microsomal pellet in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4).
   2. Determine microsomal protein concentration following the method of Lowry et al. (1951):
      
      1. Prepare a series of dilutions of 2 mg bovine serum albumin in water, to give concentrations of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml.
         
      2. Add to 100 µl of each dilution of standard or sample containing microsomes and 2 ml of Lowry reagent to each 10 ml polypropylene tube.
         
      3. Incubate the tubes in the dark at room temperature for 15 min.
         
      4. Add 200 µl of an aqueous solution of Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (1/2, vol/vol) to each tube.
         
      5. Incubate the tubes in the dark at room temperature for 30 min.
         
      6. Measure absorbance at 750 nm in 1 cm spectrophotometer cuvettes.
   3. Prepare a mixture in a 1.5 ml screw cap vial that contains the following compounds (per 100 µl):
      
      1. 10 µl of a solution of NVP in a mixture of water, methanol, and DMSO (final concentrations: 5 µg/ml NVP, 0.12% methanol, and 0.08% DMSO)
         
      2. 10 µl of NT solutions in water (final NT concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 10,000 ng/ml) or 10 µl of H₂O in the case of controls.
         
      3. 5 µl of a 20-mg/ml glucose-6-phosphate aqueous solution
         
      4. 5 µl of a 20-mg/ml β-NADP aqueous solution
         
      5. 10 µl of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase aqueous solution (10 IU/ml)
         
      6. 5 µl of a MgCl₂ aqueous solution (13.4 mg/ml)
         
      7. Quantity sufficient to 100 µl of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4)
         
      8. Rat hepatic microsomes previously isolated (equivalent to 0.1 mg of protein). With this addition the metabolic reaction is started
   4. Incubate the test vials for 30 min at 37 °C in a water bath.
      
   5. Terminate the reaction in an ice bath by adding 100 µl of acetonitrile to the test vials.
      
   6. Centrifuge the vials at 2,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C.
      
   7. Determine the amount of NVP in the supernatant liquid by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a C18 column and a UV detector set at 240 nm, as described previously (Usach et al., 2014).
   
   
2. Inhibition of nevirapine metabolite formation by nortriptyline in human hepatic microsomes
   
   1. Prepare a mixture in a 7.5 ml screw cap tube that contains the following compounds (per 100 µl):
      
      1. 20 µl of a solution of NVP in a mixture of water, methanol, and DMSO (final concentrations of 5 µg/ml NVP, 0.12% methanol, and 0.08% DMSO)
         
      2. 20 µl of NT solutions in water (final NT concentrations of 100, 1,000 and 10,000 ng/ml) or 10 µl of H₂O in the case of controls.
         
      3. 10 µl of a 20-mg/ml glucose-6-phosphate aqueous solution
         
      4. 10 µl of a 20-mg/ml β-NADP aqueous solution
         
      5. 20 µl of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase aqueous solution (10 IU/ml)
         
      6. 10 µl of a MgCl₂ aqueous solution (13.4 mg/ml)
         
      7. Quantity sufficient to 0.2 ml of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4)
         
      8. Human hepatic microsomes (equivalent to 0.2 mg of protein). With this addition the metabolic reaction is started.
         
   2. Incubate test tubes for 30 min at 37 °C in a water bath.
      
   3. Terminate the reaction in an ice bath by adding 25 µl of a 2 N sodium hydroxide solution and 5 ml of ethyl acetate to extract NVP and its metabolites.
      
   4. Shake the mixture and wait a few minutes until the two phases are completely separated.
      
   5. Transfer the supernatant to another 7.5 ml screw cap tube and evaporate it in a 40 °C water bath under a nitrogen stream.
      
   6. Repeat the extraction: Add 3 ml of ethyl acetate, shake the tube and evaporate the supernatant as before.
      
   7. Dissolve the dried residue into 100 µl of the mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and sodium phosphate monobasic buffer (50 mM [pH 4.6]) containing 0.1% (vol/vol) triethylamine (12/88, vol/vol).
      
   8. Centrifuge vials at 2,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C.
      
   9. Determine the amount of NVP and its metabolites in the supernatant liquid by HPLC, using a C18 column and a UV detector set at 240 nm, as described previously (Usach, et al., 2014).

Representative data

Figure 1. Representative HPLC-UV chromatogram of NVP metabolism in rat liver microsomes (NVP 5 µg/ml). A. Standard of NVP (no metabolism); B. NVP after 30 min at 37 °C; C. NVP and NT (10 µg/ml) after 30 min at 37 °C.


Figure 2. Representative HPLC-UV chromatogram of NVP metabolism in human liver microsomes (NVP 5 µg/ml). A. Standard of NVP (no metabolism); B. NVP after 30 min at 37 °C; C. NVP and NT (10 µg/ml) after 30 min at 37 °C.

Notes

Solutions and materials used for the isolation of rat microsomes have to be kept on ice (4 °C).

Recipes

1. 50 mM sodium-potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) [containing 1.15% (wt/vol) KCl, 2 mM EDTA, and 0.25 M sucrose]
   Mix 102 mg KH₂PO₄ with 603 mg Na₂HPO₄
   Add 1.15 g KCl, 74 mg EDTA and 8.5 g sucrose
   Add dH₂O to 100 ml
   
2. 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4)
   Mix 1.83 g K₂HPO₄^.3H₂O with 0.27 g KH₂PO₄
   Add dH₂O to 100 ml
   
3. Lowry reagent
   Mix 49 ml of reagent A with 0.5 ml of reagent B and 0.5 ml of reagent C:
   Reagent A: 2% Na₂CO₃ in 0.1 N NaOH
   Reagent B: 1% CuSO₄^.5H₂O in water
   Reagent C: 2% potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate in water
   
4. 50 mM sodium phosphate monobasic buffer (pH 4.6) [containing 0.1% (vol/vol) triethylamine]
   Add 7.8 g NaH₂PO₄^.2H₂O and 1 ml trimethylamine
   Add dH₂O to 1 L
   Adjust pH to 4.6
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was recently described and applied by Usach et al. (2014). Isolation of rat microsomes and composition of mediums used in the inhibition assay were adapted from Kawashima et al. (1999) and Choi et al. (2008), respectively. Extraction of NVP and its metabolites from human microsomes was adapted from Erickson et al. (1999). I. Usach has been granted a predoctoral fellowship from the Atracció de Talent (VLC-CAMPUS) program of University of Valencia.

References

1. Choi, Y. H., Chung, S. J. and Lee, M. G. (2008). Pharmacokinetic interaction between DA-8159, a new erectogenic, and metformin in rats: competitive inhibition of metabolism via hepatic CYP3A1/2. Br J Pharmacol 153(7): 1568-1578.
   
2. Erickson, D. A., Mather, G., Trager, W. F., Levy, R. H. and Keirns, J. J. (1999). Characterization of the in vitro biotransformation of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine by human hepatic cytochromes P-450. Drug Metab Dispos 27(12): 1488-1495.
   
3. Kawashima, K., Hosoi, K., Naruke, T., Shiba, T., Kitamura, M. and Watabe, T. (1999). Aldehyde oxidase-dependent marked species difference in hepatic metabolism of the sedative-hypnotic, zaleplon, between monkeys and rats. Drug Metab Dispos 27(3): 422-428.
   
4. Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. and Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193(1): 265-275.
   
5. Usach, I., Melis, V., Gandia, P. and Peris, J. E. (2014). Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and nortriptyline in rats: inhibition of nevirapine metabolism by nortriptyline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58(12): 7041-7048.