Materials and Reagents

Pipette tips
10 µl pipette tips (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 70.1130 )
200 µl pipette tips (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 70.760.002 )
1,000 µl pipette tips (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 70.762 )
Reaction tubes
1.5 ml tubes (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 72.706 )
2 ml tubes (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 72.691 )
Mice (protocol has been tested with male and female C57Bl/6 mice of 8-52 weeks)
Sodium chloride (NaCl) (≥ 99.5%) (Carl Roth, catalog number: 3957 )
Tris (≥ 99.9%, p.a.) (Carl Roth, catalog number: 4855 )
Protease inhibitor cocktail (cOmplete^TM Mini EDTA-free EasyPack) (Roche Diagnostics, catalog number: 04693159001 )
Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 3 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P0044 )
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (≥ 99.5%) (Carl Roth, catalog number: 2326 )
Benzonase (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: E1014 )
Lysis buffer (see Recipes)
2% SDS (see Recipes)

Equipment

Pipettes (Research 0.5-10 µl, 10-100 µl, 100-1,000 µl) (Eppendorf)
Glass homogenizer (2 ml) (Carl Roth, catalog number: TT57.1 )
Teflon pestle (Carl Roth, catalog number: TT63.1 )
Stirring device (Ingenieurbüro CAT M. Zipperer, model: R 50D )
Heraeus Biofuge Stratos (Rotor) (Heraeus Holding, catalog number: 3332 )
Ultrasound sonicator (Emerson Electric, BRANSON, model: 150 )

Procedure

Notes:

The following protocol has been used to extract soluble and insoluble protein fractions from mouse brain and spinal cord samples from mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (see Härtig et al. [2014] and Saul and Wirths [2017]). The user might need to modify the amount of solutions (e.g., lysis buffer) depending on the particular downstream application (e.g., Western blotting or ELISA). For Western blots, we recommend using 20 to 50 µg of total protein per well. This procedure will yield soluble protein fractions with concentrations of approx. 2-4 µg/µl and SDS-soluble fractions of approx. 5-8 µg/µl. Depending on the initial tissue weight, protein amounts > 2 mg (soluble fraction) and > 4 mg (SDS-soluble fraction) will be usually achieved.
For mouse brain and/or spinal cord preparation, animals were anesthetized by CO₂and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Tissues were carefully dissected and either directly used or kept at -80 °C until further use.

Tissue homogenization
1. Mechanically homogenize fresh or deep-frozen brain or spinal cord tissue in a weight:volume ratio of 1:7 using cold lysis buffer (700 µl buffer per 100 mg tissue, see Recipes) with 10 strokes in glass-Teflon homogenizer (Figure 2) at 800 rpm (Figures 3A and 3B). The homogenate should have a milky appearance without visible particles.
  Note: Our lab uses one brain hemisphere with cerebellum and olfactory bulb removed and flash frozen on a plate of dry ice. We do not remove the meninges upon harvesting the tissue.
  
  Figure 2. Motor-driven homogenizer
  
  Figure 3. Exemplary images illustrating the different homogenization and centrifugation steps
Protein extraction
1. Transfer the entire homogenate to 1.5 ml reaction tubes (Figure 3C).
2. Spin the samples at 17,000 x g for 20 min at 4 °C.
  Note: Centrifuge should be pre-chilled to 4 °C.
3. Remove the supernatant (soluble fraction) and store at -80 °C until further use (Figure 3D).
4. Resuspend pellet 1 (Figure 3E) in either 800 µl (brain hemisphere) or 200 µl (spinal cord) 2% SDS (see Recipes) with a few short ultrasound pulses via sonication on ice. The pellet should dissolve upon this treatment (Figure 3F).
  Note: We use 5 short ultrasound pulses of approx. 1 sec length at level 2 in 1.5 ml reaction tubes. The clear SDS solution will turn turbid. Be careful to prevent foam formation.
5. Add 1 µl of Benzonase, gently mix and incubate at room temperature for 5 min to remove DNA.
6. Spin the samples at 17,000 x g for 20 min at 4 °C.
7. Transfer the supernatant (insoluble fraction) to a fresh 1.5 ml reaction tube and store at -80 °C until further use (Figure 3G).
8. Pellet 2 could be stored at -80 °C for further extraction using e.g., formic acid.

Data analysis

Protein fractions obtained by this protocol can be further used in downstream applications like Western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (for an example of potential further use in Western blots see Härtig et al., 2014; Saul and Wirths, 2017).

Recipes

Lysis buffer
120 mM NaCl
50 mM Tris
cOmplete^TM protease inhibitor cocktail (1 tablet per 10 ml)
Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 3 (use at 1:100 dilution)
Adjust to pH 8.0
Note: Can be stored at 4 °C for 1 month or at -20 °C for up to 3 months.
2% SDS
Dissolve 1 g of SDS in 10 ml of ddH₂O and prepare a 1:5 dilution
Note: SDS consists of fine crystals that easily disperse. Wear a mask when weighing SDS and clean equipment thoroughly after use.

Acknowledgments

Financial support from the Alzheimer Forschung Initiative e.V. is gratefully acknowledged.

References

Härtig, W., Saul, A., Kacza, J., Grosche, J., Goldhammer, S., Michalski, D. and Wirths, O. (2014). Immunolesion-induced loss of cholinergic projection neurones promotes β-amyloidosis and tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus of triple-transgenic mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 40(2): 106-120.
Saul, A. and Wirths, O. (2017). Endogenous apolipoprotein E (ApoE) fragmentation is linked to amyloid pathology in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 54(1): 319-327.