Materials and Reagents

Double-sided tape (3M, catalog number: 137-ROK)
Polyethylene tubing (BD Intramedic, Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 427411)
Quartz microscope slide (H. FINKENBEINER Inc., USA, catalog number: custom-order, size : 1’’ × 3’’ × 1mm)
Micro cover glass (VWR, USA, catalog number: 48393230)
DNA oligos (Figure 2)
1. Non-template strand (1/2; purchased from IDT):
  ATCAGGTCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGAAGAGAAAGT/iCy5/TTCTGGGAGGG
2. Non-template strand (2/2; purchased from IDT):
  /5Phos/AGGGAGGGTGTA/iCy3/CTGATGCGTTCCACTCGC
3. Template strand (1/1; purchased from IDT):
  GCGAGTGGAACGCATCAGTACACCCTCCCTCCCTCCCAGAAACTTTCTCTTCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTAGACCTGAT/biotin/
Figure 2. Sample design. DNA substrate is made using annealing and ligation (top). DNA substrate contains a T7 promoter and a GQ-forming sequence. Biotin (pink) is labeled at the upstream end for surface immobilization, and Cy3 (green) and Cy5 (red) are labeled as a FRET pair to detect GQ formation.
Distilled water
Liquid nitrogen
Acrylamide:bis=29:1 (30%) (Biosesang, catalog number: A2003-1)
10× TBE (Biosesang, catalog number: TR2004-100-00)
N, N, N’, N’-tetra-methylethylenediamine (TEMED) (Bio-Rad, catalog number: 161-0801)
Ammonium persulfate (APS) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 1001799334)
Formamide (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 01246)
UREA (Bio-Rad, catalog number: 161-0731)
Ethanol (Carlo Ebra Reagents, catalog number: 528167)
Alexa Fluor 488 C5-maleimide (Thermo Fisher, Invitrogen, catalog number: A10254)
NAP-5-column (GE Healthcare, catalog number: 17-0853-02)
Primary antibody: Anti-DNA-RNA hybrid (S9.6) antibody (Kerafast, catalog number: ENH001)
Note: We divide the stock solution of S9.6 antibody into aliquots, freeze each tube in liquid nitrogen, and store them at -20°C (short term) or -80°C (long term).
Secondary antibody: Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) (Jackson ImmunoResearch, catalog number: 715-005-151)
Sulfuric acid (Daejung, catalog number: 7664-93-9)
Hydrogen peroxide solution (30%) (DaeJung, catalog number: 7722-84-1)
Biotin-PEG-SC (Laysan Bio Inc., catalog number: 141-63)
mPEG-SVA (Laysan Bio Inc., catalog number: 149-75)
Epoxy glue (LOCTITE, catalog number: 326795)
T4 DNA ligase (New England Bio Labs, catalog number: M0202M)
10× T4 DNA ligase buffer (New England Bio Labs, catalog number: B0202S)
T7 RNA polymerase (New England Bio Labs, catalog number: M0251S)
Trolox (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 238813)
PCD (Oriental Yeast Co., catalog number: 46852004)
PCA (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 37580)
Spermidine (Sgima-Aldrich, catalog number: 85558)
Note: Only a small amount to be used within a week is diluted and stored in a drawer from which light is completely blocked. After using the stock solution, the air in the container should be replaced with nitrogen gas and stored at room temperature.
rNTP set (GE Healthcare, catalog number: 27202501)
1,4-dithiothreitol (Merck, catalog number: 222-468-7)
Note: DTT is known to be easily oxidized in water over time. To prevent degradation, divide 1 M DTT into aliquots and store them at -20°C after dissolving. Moreover, it is recommended not to use DTT solution several months after making it even if it has been stored at -20°C.
Acetic acid (J.T.Baker, Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 14-650-388)
Sodium bicarbonate (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: S233-500)
Sodium borate (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: S248-500)
Aminopropylsilane (UCT SPERCIALTIES, LLC, catalog number: A0700)
Fluorescent beads (FluoSpheres, Invitrogen, catalog number: 1890851)
10× TBE buffer (Biosesang, catalog number: TR2004-100-00)
PCR purification kit (QIAGEN, catalog number: 28106)
Trolox solution (see Recipes)
PCA solution (see Recipes)
T50 buffer (see Recipes)
Denaturing gel solution (see Recipes)
Piranha solution (see Recipes)
Silanization solution (see Recipes)
PEGylation solution (see Recipes)
Imaging buffer (see Recipes)
4× elongation buffer (see Recipes)

Equipment

Home-built TIRF microscope setup
Note: The components used in the home-built total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope system are as follows: EMCCD, microscope, lasers (473-nm, 532-nm, 633-nm), shutter controller, prism, dichroic mirrors, piezo stage, and microscope temperature control system. A detailed experimental setup can be found in previously published papers (Roy et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2010).
Microscope temperature control system (Live Cell Instrument, model: CU-109)
Incubator (FINE PCR, model: ALB 6400)
Thermal cycler (Bio-Rad, model: C1000)
Vertical electrophoresis cell (Mini-PROTEAN) (Bio-Rad, model: 1658000 FC)
Gel documentation system (SYNGENE, model: G:box Chemi XT4 system)
Ultrasonic cleaner (used as a water bath) (Branson, model: 3510E-DTH)
Note: The ultrasonic cleaner can serve as a water bath in heating mode. We set the temperature to 69°C, but the actual temperature was roughly 55°C when running the denaturing gel.
Razor (Dorco, South Korea)
Diamond solid thin drill (OD: 0.75 mm) (UKAM Industrial Superhard Tools, catalog number: 2040075)
Glass jar (for Piranha)
Water purification system (Millipore, model: ZRXQ-003-EU)
Syringe pump (HARVARD APPARATUS, model: PHD2000)
Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, model: NANODROP 2000)

Software

Labview (version: 2015) (National Instruments, USA, https://www.ni.com/)
IDL (version: 7.0) (David Stern & ITT Visual Information Solutions, USA, https://www.l3harrisgeospatial.com/Software-Technology/IDL)
Matlab (version: R2015a) (MathWorks, USA, https://www.mathworks.com)
Origin (version: 8.5) (Electronic Arts, USA, https://www.origin.com)

Procedure

Sample preparation
1. DNA ligation
  1. Annealing
    1. Prepare PCR-size tubes that are compatible with the use of a thermal cycler.
    2. Mix 4 µl each 100 µM DNA oligo in T50 buffer by pipetting (final concentration: 5 µM, volume: 80 µl).
    3. Place the tube containing the oligos in a thermal cycler.
    4. Incubate the solution for 3 min at 95°C.
    5. Cool the solution slowly from 80°C to 25°C. A cooling speed of -1°C per min should be adequate.
    6. Maintain the temperature of the thermal cycler at 4°C after annealing.
  2. Ligation
    1. Transfer the annealed DNA to a 1.7-ml tube.
    2. Add 60 µl distilled water.
    3. Add 16 µl 10× T4 ligase buffer.
    4. Mix the solution by pipetting.
    5. Add 4 µl 5× T4 DNA ligase (Total volume of the solution: 160 µl).
    6. Mix the solution by pipetting and store in an incubator maintained at 16°C for 16 h.
    7. Add 80 µl 5 M NaCl and 560 µl EtOH to the 160 µl solution (after ligation) and mix by pipetting.
    8. Incubate the solution at -20°C for more than 2 h.
    9. Centrifuge the solution at 4°C (rcf: 16,100 × g, and use balancer).
    10. Remove the buffer. Be sure not to suck up the pellet.
    11. Dry the pellet by leaving the lid open inside a drawer at room temperature for 30 min to eliminate any remaining EtOH.
    12. Dissolve the pellet in 4 µl distilled water and add 4 µl 99% formamide.
  3. Purification
    1. Prepare the gel-casting chamber (1-mm thick) and wash with distilled water.
    2. Make the denaturing gel (see Recipes).
    3. Add 7 µl TEMED and 60 µl 20% APS and mix well.
      Note: When adding TEMED and APS, the denaturing gel solution should be cool enough to prevent an abrupt solidification before pouring it into the casting chamber.
    4. Pour the solution into the interstice of the gel plate set and insert a comb.
    5. Wait until the gel has completely solidified.
    6. Assemble the inner chamber and mount in the outer chamber.
    7. Make 0.5× TBE buffer and pour into the inner and outer chambers.
    8. Place the outer chamber in a heat bath maintained at 55°C.
    9. Before pre-running, wash the wells by pipetting.
    10. Run the gel at 200 V without any sample loaded for more than 30 min.
    11. Stop the pre-running and wash the wells again by pipetting.
    12. Load 8 µl sample in each well.
    13. Run the gel again for 40 min at 200 V.
    14. Stop the gel running and take a picture of the gel under a red-colored lamp.
    15. Extract only the first band at the top using a razor.
      Note: The other bands below the first band correspond to DNA fragments that are not properly ligated.
    16. Prepare the gel-purification kit and place the gel slices in a column.
    17. Pour 200 µl distilled water into the column and incubate for 16 h at room temperature.
  4. Recovery and re-annealing
    1. Centrifuge the purification kit at 16,100 × g for 1 min.
    2. Collect 180 µl purified DNA and mix with 90 µl 5 M NaCl and 630 µl EtOH.
    3. Store at -20°C for 2 h.
    4. Centrifuge at 4°C for 40 min.
    5. Remove the solution.
    6. Dry the open tube in a drawer for 30 min to eliminate any remaining EtOH.
    7. Dissolve the pellet in 10 µl distilled water and mix with 0.2 µl 1 M LiCl and 0.4 µl 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0).
      Note: We used LiCl instead of NaCl to prevent G-quadruplex formation during the annealing process.
    8. Transfer to a PCR-size tube.
    9. Place the tube in a thermal cycler.
    10. Incubate for 3 min at 95°C
    11. Cool the sample slowly from 80°C to 25°C. A cooling speed of -1°C per min is sufficient.
    12. Store at -20°C.
2. Antibody labeling
  1. Dissolve 1 mg maleimide Alexa Fluor 488 dye in 55 µl DMSO.
  2. Mix 50 µl antibody and 2 µl dye in 100 mM sodium bicarbonate solution.
  3. Incubate the mixture for 2 h at room temperature.
  4. Eliminate the unreacted dye by purification using an NAP5-column.
  5. Check the labeling efficiency using a spectrophotometer.
  6. Store the labeled antibody at 4°C.
Flow cell preparation
1. Hole making
  Make holes in a quartz slide using a diamond drill bit (Figure 3).
  Note: If the size of the holes is too large, epoxy glue can leak into the inner space of the flow cell. To prevent this, it is important to compare the size of the holes with the diameter of the PE tubing during drilling.
2. PEG coating
  1. Cleaning
    1. Place cover glasses and quartz slides into glass jars.
    2. Rinse cover glasses and quartz slides with distilled water several times.
    3. Pour Piranha solution (see Recipes) into the jars and incubate for 20-30 min to clean the cover glasses and quartz slides.
    4. Repeat step iii another 3 times.
    5. Rinse the cover glasses and quartz slides with distilled water several times.
  2. Silanization
    1. Rinse the cleaned cover glasses and quartz slides twice with methanol.
    2. Pour silanization solution (see Recipes) into the jars.
    3. Remove the solution after a 30-min reaction.
    4. Rinse the cover glasses and quartz slides with methanol and subsequently with distilled water.
    5. Remove the cover glasses and quartz slides from the jars and dry by blowing nitrogen gas.
  3. PEGylation
    1. Make PEGylation solution (see Recipes).
    2. Drop 70 µl PEGylation solution on a quartz slide.
    3. Place a cover glass on top.
    4. Incubate in a drawer for 4 h.
    5. Store at -20°C after incubation.
3. Flow cell assembly (Figure 3)
  1. Thaw and rinse the PEGylated cover glasses and quartz slides with distilled water.
  2. Dry the cover glasses and quartz slides by blowing nitrogen gas.
  3. Place the quartz slides on aluminum foil.
  4. Attach double-sided tape to the quartz slides to make channels.
  5. Place a cover glass on each quartz slide.
  6. Block the sides of each channel with epoxy glue.
  7. Insert tubing into the holes and fix them with epoxy glue.
  Figure 3. Flow cell assembly. A. Procedure to prepare the flow cell from a PEGylated slide. B. Flow cell after assembly. Inlet and outlet are connected to the injected solution and syringe pump, respectively.
Single-molecule fluorescence measurement
1. Preparation
  1. Turn on the devices and set the microscope temperature control system to 37°C.
  2. Drop a small amount of water on the objective lens as water immersion.
  3. Place a fluorescent bead slide on the microscope stage.
  4. Drop a small amount of oil on the bead slide and mount a prism.
  5. Illuminate the bead slide, and focus on it by properly adjusting the distance between the bead slide and the objective lens.
  6. Adjust the illumination area.
  7. Turn on the CCD and adjust the dichroic mirrors to divide the imaging area into three different wavelength ranges.
  8. Measure the signals from the fluorescent beads.
  9. To identify fluorescence signals of different channels from the same molecule, make a reference mapping file with a fluorescent bead image.
    Note: We use three-color alternating-laser excitation to obtain signals from Cy3, Cy5, and Alexa Fluor 488 dye. To do this, we divide the whole CCD image into three equal areas corresponding to different wavelength ranges. Therefore, we need to know the position information of the same molecules in the different detection channels (see Figure 4). This step is crucial in experiments using a labeled antibody, because only signals emitted by co-localization of the antibody with DNA are considered specific binding. The three dyes were selected due to their superior photostabilities and good quantum yields.
  10. Remove the bead slide.
  Figure 4. Fluorescent bead image to obtain the position information of the same molecules. Fluorescent beads are excited by a 473-nm laser, and images are recorded separately according to three different wavelength ranges (Cy3, Cy5, and Alexa Fluor 488 channels). Through Gaussian fitting, the peaks are searched (white circle: co-localized points).
2. Experiments to observe GQ formation during single-round transcription
  1. Preparation of the stalled elongation complex.
    Note: 11 nucleotides of the non-template strand from the transcription start site consist of only adenine and guanine.
    If T7 RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA without cytosine and thymine, transcription will be stopped with 11-nt-long RNA. This conformation is called the stalled elongation complex. After immobilizing this stalled elongation complex on the surface of the flow cell, we inject rNTP to restart elongation. Using this strategy, we could observe GQ formation under single-round transcription.
    1. Prepare a PCR-size tube with 5 µl distilled water.
    2. Add 2.5 µl 4× elongation buffer, 0.25 µl 1 µM DNA, and 0.25 µl mixture of 2.5 mM GTP and ATP.
    3. Mix by pipetting.
    4. Add 2 µl T7 RNA polymerase.
    5. Mix by pipetting very gently.
    6. Place tube in a thermal cycler and incubate at 37°C.
      Note: The incubation time should not exceed 40 min. Due to the error rate of T7 RNA polymerase in transcription, unexpected RNA with the wrong bases could be created and affect the GQ and R-loop formation efficiency.
  2. Make 600 µl imaging buffer (see Recipes).
  3. Mount the flow cell on the microscope stage.
  4. Connect the outlet of the flow cell to a syringe pump.
  5. Using a syringe pump, wash out the channel with 90 µl T50 buffer more than twice.
  6. Inject 90 µl streptavidin (200 ng/ml) into the channel.
  7. Wash out the unbound streptavidin in the channel with T50 buffer 5 min after injection.
  8. Turn on the CCD and adjust the focus and illumination area.
  9. Add 0.5 µl solution containing the stalled elongation complex to 100 µl imaging buffer and gently mix by pipetting.
  10. Inject 90 µl imaging buffer containing the stalled elongation complex into the channel.
  11. Check whether the number of spots is sufficient at Cy3 excitation.
  12. Wash out the unbound stalled elongation complexes in the channel 3 times with 90 µl imaging buffer.
  13. Add rNTP to the imaging buffer (the final concentration of rNTP should be 2 mM).
  14. Move the microscope stage and search for the proper imaging area in the channel.
  15. Turn on the auto-focusing system.
    Note: The auto-focus in the z-direction uses a real-time optical astigmatism analysis of single-molecule images. The detailed methods can be found in our previous paper (Hwang et al., 2012).
  16. Start the measurement.
  17. Inject the imaging buffer containing rNTP at 25 s after starting measurement.
  18. Measure for 10 min.
  19. Stop the measurement.
3. Experiments to observe GQ formation during multiple-round transcription
  1. Add 0.25 µl 1 µM DNA to 9.75 µl distilled water and store in a drawer during the experiment.
  2. Make 600 µl imaging buffer (see Recipes).
  3. Mount the flow cell on the microscope stage.
  4. Connect the outlet of a flow cell to a syringe pump.
  5. Using a syringe pump, wash out the channel more than twice with 90 µl T50 buffer.
  6. Inject 90 µl streptavidin (200 ng/ml) into the channel.
  7. Wash out the unbound streptavidin in the channel with T50 buffer 5 min after injection.
  8. Add 0.4 µl 25 nM DNA to 100 µl imaging buffer and gently mix by pipetting.
  9. Inject 90 µl imaging buffer containing DNA into the channel.
  10. Check whether the number of spots is sufficient at Cy3 excitation.
  11. Wash out the unbound DNA in the chamber 3 times with 90 µl imaging buffer.
  12. Add rNTP and T7 RNA polymerase to the imaging buffer (their final concentration should be 2 mM and 8 nM, respectively) and mix by pipetting.
  13. Incubate at 37°C for 5 min.
  14. Move the microscope stage and search for a proper imaging area in the channel.
  15. Turn on the auto-focusing system.
  16. Start the measurement.
  17. Inject the imaging buffer containing rNTP and T7 RNA polymerase at 25 s after starting measurement.
  18. Measure for 30 min. (In the case of a time-lapse experiment, measure for 3 min at each time point. Do not measure the same area to avoid photobleaching.)
  19. Stop the measurement.
4. Experiments to observe R-loop formation
  1. Add 0.25 µl 1 µM DNA to 9.75 µl distilled water and store in a drawer during the experiment.
  2. Make 600 µl imaging buffer (see Recipes).
  3. Mount the flow cell on the microscope stage.
  4. Connect the outlet of a flow cell to a syringe pump.
  5. Using a syringe pump, wash out the channel with 90 µl T50 buffer more than twice.
  6. Inject 90 µl streptavidin (200 ng/ml) into the channel.
  7. Wash out the unbound streptavidin in the channel with T50 buffer 5 min after injection.
  8. Add 0.4 µl 25 nM DNA to 100 µl imaging buffer and gently mix by pipetting.
  9. Inject 90 µl imaging buffer containing DNA into the channel.
  10. Check whether the number of spots is sufficient at Cy3 excitation.
  11. Wash out the unbound DNA in the chamber 3 times with 90 µl imaging buffer.
  12. Take the S9.6 antibody out the -80°C freezer and store in the -20°C freezer for 10 min.
  13. Thaw the S9.6 antibody in on ice.
  14. Add rNTP and T7 RNA polymerase to the imaging buffer (Their final concentration should be 2 mM and 8 nM, respectively) and mix by pipetting.
  15. Add the S9.6 antibody and labeled secondary antibody to the imaging buffer (Their final concentration should be 33 nM) and mix by pipetting.
  16. Incubate the imaging buffer containing rNTP, T7 RNA polymerase, and labeled antibody at 37°C for 5 min.
  17. Move the microscope stage and search for a proper imaging area in the channel.
  18. Adjust the incident beam intensity of the blue laser.
    Note: It is challenging to know the proper incident beam intensity since there are a few spots (junk) in the Alexa Fluor 488 channel before injecting the labeled antibody into the flow cell. We recommend finding the proper incident beam intensity by injecting antibody into the flow cell where pre-formed DNA-RNA hybrid exists.
  19. Turn on the auto-focusing system.
  20. Start the measurement.
  21. Inject the buffer containing rNTP, T7 RNA polymerase, and labeled antibody at 25 s after starting measurement.
  22. Measure for 30 min (In the case of a time-lapse experiment, measure for 3 min at each time point. Do not measure the same area to avoid photobleaching).
  23. Stop the measurement.

Data analysis

FRET efficiency, E, is defined as the fluorescence intensity of the acceptor (Cy5) relative to the sum of the donor (Cy3) and acceptor (Cy5) intensities at donor excitation. Using the FRET efficiency between Cy3 and Cy5 labeled at the nucleotides flanking the GQ-forming sequence, we could identify DNA conformations formed in the GQ-forming region. Before rNTP and RNAP injection, the low FRET (E = 0.13) indicates that the region remains as a duplex. After the injection of rNTP and RNAP, the FRET efficiency increases to E = 0.82 via an intermediate FRET of E = 0.37 (Figure 5A, top and middle panels). The high FRET state is identified as GQ, but the exact conformation corresponding to the intermediate FRET is not yet known. On the other hand, the R-loop formation is detected by monitoring the binding of the fluorescently labeled S9.6 antibody, which specifically binds to DNA–RNA hybrids (Figure 5A, bottom panel). Note: Non-specific binding of the S9.6 antibody was screened by SNR and binding lifetime criteria).

From a time-lapse experiment, the evolution of the population of each state can be investigated (Figure 5B). Note: Overlapping molecules with a high intensity that deviates from the average intensity of all molecules by 30% are excluded. It is evident that GQ accumulates over time, whereas the intermediate state vanishes. The time delay from GQ formation to the first antibody binding can also be measured. The time delay is mostly negative (Figure 5C), indicating that R-loop formation precedes GQ formation. R-loop formation efficiency can be measured by counting the DNA substrate to which the S9.6 antibody binds. We found that the R-loop formation efficiency is increased up to 5 times when GQ exists on the non-template strand of DNA (Figure 5D), indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop between GQ formation and R-loop formation.

Figure 5. Co-transcriptional formation of GQ coupled with R-loops. A. Representative time traces showing GQ and R-loop formation. GQ: Cy3 (top, green) and Cy5 (top, red) fluorescence intensities at Cy3 excitation, and the corresponding FRET (middle). R-loop: a sudden increase in Alexa Fluor 488 fluorescence intensity at Alexa Fluor 488 excitation (bottom). B. Relative populations of the intermediate state (orange) and GQ state (blue) over time. The population sum of the intermediate state and GQ state (black) is fitted to a single-exponential function with a time constant of 45.3 ± 5.6 min (black lines). C. A histogram of the time difference between GQ formation and the first antibody binding [t1 is defined in the middle panel of A]. D. The portion of dsDNA that is coupled with antibody binding for 20 min after the start of transcription. The R-loop formation efficiency significantly increases when GQ exists on the non-template strand. Figure 5 was adapted from the original paper (Lim and Hohng, 2020).

Recipes

Trolox
1. Dissolve 50 mg Trolox in 50 ml distilled water
2. Add 50 µl 3 M NaOH and vortex
3. Rotate the tube for one day at room temperature (RPM: 30)
4. Filter the solution with a 0.2-µm membrane filter
Store at 4°C
PCA
1. Dissolve 154 mg PCA in 20 ml distilled water
2. Add 20 µl 3M NaOH and vortex
3. Filter the solution and store at 4°C
T50 buffer
Add 500 µl Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 500 µl 5 M NaCl to 49 ml distilled water
Vortex vigorously
Denaturing gel solution
1. Pour 2.5 ml distilled water into a 15-ml tube containing 4.8 g UREA
2. Add 0.5 ml 10× TBE buffer
3. Add 3 ml Acry:Bis=29:1 solution
4. Vortex vigorously
5. Warm the solution in a microwave to dissolve the UREA
6. Cool at 4°C for 15 min
Piranha solution
1. Pour 90 ml sulfuric acid into a heat-resistant container
2. Add 30 ml hydrogen peroxide solution (30%) (final ratio of hydrogen peroxide solution to sulfuric acid should be 1:3)
3. Gently shake
Note: The solution will boil and be hot after mixing.
Silanization solution
1 ml aminoprophysilane
5 ml acetic acid
100 ml methanol
PEGylation solution
1. Mix 2 mg biotin-PEG-NHS ester, 80 mg PEG-NHS ester, and 640 µl 100 mM sodium bicarbonate solution
2. Vortex and centrifuge
Note: After dissolving, promptly use to avoid degradation.
Imaging buffer
Mix 65 µl Trolox, 10 µl distilled water, 10 µl PCA, 3 µl PCD, 4 µl 1M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 2.5 µl 2 M KCl, 2 µl 1 M MgCl₂, and 2 µl 100 mM spermidine
Note: According to the type of experiment, a portion of distilled water can be replaced with rNTP, RNAP, and antibody.
4× elongation buffer
Mix 160 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 200 mM KCl, 80 mM MgCl₂, and 4 mM DTT
Store at -20°C

Acknowledgments

The National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2019R1A2C2005209 to S.H.]. This protocol was derived from the original paper “Single-molecule fluorescence studies on cotranscriptional G-quadruplex formation coupled with R-loop formation,” published in Nucleic Acids Research in 2020.

Competing interests

Nothing to declare.

References

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