Materials and Reagents

Axygen^® MicroVolume Extended-Length Filtered Pipet Tips (Axygen, catalog number: TXLF10)
Axygen^® Universal Fit 100 µl Filtered Pipet Tips (Axygen, catalog number: TF100RS)
Axygen^® Universal Fit 200 µl Filtered Pipet Tips (Axygen, catalog number: TF200RS)
Axygen^® Universal Fit 1,000 µl Filtered Pipet Tips (Axygen, catalog number: TF1000LRS)
Axygen 1.5 ml Snaplock Microtubes (Axygen, catalog number: MCT150CS)
10 cm cell culture dish (Celltreat, catalog number: 229621)
24-well plate (Celltreat, catalog number: 229123)
MicroAmp Fast Optical 96-well Reaction Plate (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 4346907)
MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 4311971)
0.45-μm-pore-size filters (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: EMD Millipore^TM SLHV033RS)
Ach2 cells (NIH AIDS Reagent Program, catalog number: 349)
HEK-293 Cells (NIH AIDS Reagent Program, catalog number: 103)
Opti-MEM^TM (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 31985062)
X-tremeGENE 9 DNA Transfection Reagent (Sigma, catalog number: 6365779001)
The vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) expression vector pVSV-G (Clontech Laboratories, catalog number: 631530)
HIV-1 plasmids pNL4-3 env(-)nef(-)gfp(+) (a gift from Dr. Vicente Planelles)
DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, catalog number: 69506)
TaqMan^TM Universal PCR Master Mix (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 4324018)
TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 4444557)
Platinum Taq DNA polymerase (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 10966026)
Custom PCR primers and TaqMan probes, HPLC purified (Integrated DNA Technologies)
Turbo DNase (2 U/µl) (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: AM2238)
Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) (Sigma, catalog number: D8537)
10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Gibco, catalog number: 10438026)
Penicillin-Streptomycin (Gibco, catalog number: 15070063)
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) (Sigma, catalog number: D6171)
Absolute Ethanol (200 proof) (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP2818100)
Water (Sigma, catalog number: W4502)
MgCl₂ (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 10966026) (It comes in with the Platinum Taq DNA polymerase)

Equipment

0.5-10 µl Eppendorf Research^® plus Adjustable Volume Pipettes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3123000020)
10-100 µl Eppendorf Research^® plus Adjustable Volume Pipettes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3123000047)
20-200 µl Eppendorf Research^® plus Adjustable Volume Pipettes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3123000055)
100-1,000 µl Eppendorf Research^® plus Adjustable Volume Pipettes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3123000063)
Revco Laboratory CO₂ Incubator Ultima II (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: RCO3000T9V)
Vortex-Genie 2 Vortex Mixer 12 (Scientific Industries, catalog number: 12-812)
NanoDrop^TM 2000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher, model: NanoDrop^TM 2000, catalog number: ND-2000)
StepOnePlus^TM Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 4376600)
Veriti^® 96-Well Thermal Cycler (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 4375786)
Eppendorf Centrifuge 5430R (Eppendorf, model: 5430R)
Eppendorf Centrifuge 5424R (Eppendorf, model: 5424R)

Software

StepOne software v2.2.2 (Thermo Fisher)

Procedure

VSV-G pseudotyped virus preparation and host cell infection
1. Culture 4 x 10⁶ HEK293 cells in DMEM with 10% FBS and 100 units/ml of penicillin and 100 µg/ml of streptomycin in a 10 cm cell culture dish at 37 °C, 5% CO₂ overnight.
2. In a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube, add 500 µl of Opti-MEM^TM, and 25 µl of X-tremeGENE 9 DNA Transfection Reagent (Roche), mix well by pipetting up and down gently, add 3 µg of HIV-1 plasmids pNL4-3 env(-)nef(-)gfp(+) and 2 µg of pVSV-G, mix gently by pipetting up and down. Leave at room temperature for 30 min. Add to the cultured HEK293 cells drop by drop, and gently shake or swirl the dish to ensure distribution over the entire dish surface.
3. After 24 h, wash the transfected HEK293 cells with PBS, and then replace it with 10 ml fresh DMEM complete media.
4. After 48 h of transfection, harvest the supernatant containing pseudotyped viruses and pass through 0.45-μm-pore-size filters. The virus containing supernatant is then aliquoted and stored at -80 °C.
5. Treat the prepared virus with 20 U/ml Turbo DNase at 37 °C for 1 h before infection.
6. Prepare 0.5-0.75 x 10⁶ cells/well host cells for infection experiment in a 24-well plate. Differentiated human macrophages and THP1 cells, cultured adherent cell lines such as HCT116 are all suitable to be used as host cells. Add 100 µl virus per well to cultured cells. After cells are infected for 2 h in the 37 °C incubator, remove virus containing culture media, and replace it with fresh media.
7. At post infection time points as designed by experiment, remove culture media, and wash once with 0.5 ml PBS. Discard all remaining PBS.
Extraction of total cellular DNA by using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (QIAGEN)
1. To each well, add 200 μl PBS, 20 µl Protease K and then 200 µl Buffer AL. Mix thoroughly. Incubate the plate at 37 °C for 5 min to lyse cells.
2. Transfer cell lysate into a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube. Incubate at 56 °C for 10 min.
3. Add 200 µl of 100% Ethanol to each sample, and mix thoroughly with a vortex mixer.
4. Pipet the mixture into the DNeasy Mini spin column placed into a 2 ml collection tube. Centrifuge at 6,000 x g for 1 min, using an Eppendorf Centrifuge 5424R. Discard flow-through and collection tube.
5. Place the DNeasy Mini spin column into a new 2 ml collection tube, add 500 μl Buffer AW1, and centrifuge for 1 min at 6,000 x g, using an Eppendorf Centrifuge 5424R. Discard flow-through and collection tube.
6. Place the DNeasy Mini spin column into a new 2 ml collection tube, add 500 μl Buffer AW2, and centrifuge for 3 min at 20,000 x g, using an Eppendorf Centrifuge 5424R. Discard flow-through and collection tube.
7. Place the DNeasy Mini spin column into a clean 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, and pipet 100 μl Buffer AE directly onto the DNeasy membrane without touching the tip to the membrane. Incubate at room temperature for 5 min, and then use an Eppendorf Centrifuge 5424R to centrifuge for 1 min at 6,000 x g to elute DNA.
8. Quantify DNA sample with a NanoDrop or similar device. Dilute DNA sample to 20 ng/µl.
Quantification of HIV-1 reverse transcription products quantification
1. Prepare the reaction mix for each sample as follows: 1 µl each of forward and reverse primers (10 µM), 1 µl of TaqMan probe (5 µM), 5 µl of DNA sample, 2 µl of H₂O, and 10 µl TaqMan^® Universal PCR Master Mix (2x).
2. Calculate the volume of each component of the PCR reaction mix by multiplying the volume of each component by the number of replicates for each sample. Make a PCR master mix without sample DNA and prepare 110% of the required volume to account for pipetting error.
3. Pipet 15 µl of PCR master mix to each reaction well, and add 5 µl of sample DNA (20 ng/µl). Seal the PCR Plate with film, and centrifuge it at 2,200 x g for 30 s, using an Eppendorf Centrifuge 5430R.
4. Perform PCR on a StepOnePlus^TM Real-Time PCR System using the following program: 95 °C 2 min preheat, then 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 1 min.
5. When running a PCR that is quantifying HIV-1 early, intermediate, late reverse transcription products, as well as 2-LTR cycle DNA, it is necessary to use the GAPDH gene as a reference. In addition to this, the Real-time PCR should be carried out in parallel with target gene amplification.
6. Use Real-time PCR relative quantification ∆∆Ct method to calculate sample target gene copy numbers.
HIV-1 integration quantification
1. DNA from Ach2 cells, which have a single copy HIV genome integration, is used as a copy number control. 3.59 µg of genomic DNA contains about 10⁶ genome copies. Serially diluted DNA standards from 1 x 10⁴ to 1 copies/µl (it is actually 1 copy) (20 ng DNA) are prepared by mixing DNA from Ach2 cells with DNA from uninfected human cells in corresponding proportions.
2. In the 1^st integration PCR, prepare a reaction with the following components: 2.5 µl 10x buffer, 0.75 µl 50 mM MgCl₂, 0.5 μl 10 mM dNTP, 0.5 µl of each forward and reverse Alu primers (10 µM), 0.5 µl reverse primer HIV-1 gag-R (10 µM), 0.5 U of Platinum Taq DNA polymerase (Thermo Fisher), 5 µl sample DNA (100 ng), add H₂O to total 25 µl. Perform PCR using a Veriti^® 96-Well Thermal Cycler (Thermo Fisher) with the following program: preheat to 94 °C for 2 min, then run 15 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 3 min. Hold the samples at 72 °C for additional 5 min.
3. For the 2^nd round of Real-time PCR for integration quantification, prepare the reaction mix for each sample as follows: 1 µl each of forward and reverse primers (10 µM), 1 µl of TaqMan probe (5 µM), 5 µl of 10-fold diluted 1^st round PCR product, 2 µl of H₂O, and 10 µl TaqMan^® Universal PCR Master Mix (2x).
4. Perform PCR with StepOnePlust^TM Real-time PCR System using the following program: Preheat to 95 °C for 2 min, then 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, and 60 °C for 1 min.
5. Use the Real-time PCR standard curve method to determine sample target gene copy numbers.
6. Representative experiments can be found in Figure 2 of paper by Shi et al. (2018) and Figure 7 of paper by Furuya et al. (2016).

Notes

The PCR primers and TaqMan probes are designed based on HIV-1 sequence of pNL4-3. Please check sequence alignment if other strains of HIV-1 viruses are used.
If uses HIV-1 isolates or lab strains, DNase treatment is not necessary.
Another Real-time PCR reagent, TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix (Thermo Fisher), has provided results similar to TaqMan^® Universal PCR Master Mix (Thermo Fisher).

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Scholarship of Discovery Intramural Research Grant to Dr. Binshan Shi by Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Protocols described here were adapted from protocols from previous publications by Butler et al., 2001; Yamamoto et al., 2006; Mbisa et al., 2009.

Competing interests

All authors declare no conflicts of interest or competing interests.

References

Hu, W. S. and Hughes, S. H. (2012). HIV-1 reverse transcription. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2(10).
Sloan, R. D. and Wainberg, M. A. (2011). The role of unintegrated DNA in HIV infection. Retrovirology 8(1): 52.
Zheng, Y. H., Jeang, K. T. and Tokunaga, K. (2012). Host restriction factors in retroviral infection: promises in virus-host interaction. Retrovirology 9: 112.
Shi, B., Sharifi, H. J., DiGrigoli, S., Kinnetz, M., Mellon, K., Hu, W. and de Noronha, C. M. C. (2018). Inhibition of HIV early replication by the p53 and its downstream gene p21. Virol J 15(1): 53.
Furuya, A. K., Sharifi, H. J., Jellinger, R. M., Cristofano, P., Shi, B. and de Noronha, C. M. (2016). Sulforaphane inhibits HIV Infection of macrophages through Nrf2. PLoS Pathog 12(4): e1005581.
Butler, S. L., Hansen, M. S. T. and Bushman, F. D. (2001). A quantitative assay for HIV DNA integration in vivo. Nature Medicine 7: 631.
Yamamoto, N., Tanaka, C., Wu, Y., Chang, M. O., Inagaki, Y., Saito, Y., Naito, T., Ogasawara, H., Sekigawa, I. and Hayashida, Y. (2006). Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration by using a specific, sensitive and quantitative assay based on Real-time polymerase chain reaction. Virus Genes 32(1): 105-113.
Mbisa, J. L., Delviks-Frankenberry, K. A., Thomas, J. A., Gorelick, R. J. and Pathak, V. K. (2009). Real-time PCR analysis of HIV-1 replication post-entry events. Methods Mol Biol 485: 55-72.