Measuring Blood-brain-barrier Permeability Using Evans Blue in Mice    

Materials and Reagents

1. Adult male Kunming mice (the Experimental Animal Center of Xuzhou Medical College, 20-22 g, 5-7 weeks old)
   
2. Evans blue (EB) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: E2129-10G )
   
3. Trichloroacetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T6399-100G )
   
4. Chloral hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 15307-500G-R )
   
5. Paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 158127-500G )
   
6. NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S7653-1KG )
   
7. 10% chloral hydrate (see Recipes)
   
8. 4% paraformaldehyde-freshly-prepared (see Recipes)
   
9. 0.9% NaCl (see Recipes)
   
10. 100% trichloroacetic acid solution (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 1510 )
   
2. 96-well plate (Corning Incorporated, catalog number: 3599 )
   
3. 1 and 20 ml syringe (local drugstore)
   
4. Infusion apparatus (local drugstore)
   

Procedure

1. Mice were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate (0.3 ml/100 g, i. p.).
   
2. Injected Evans Blue (EB) (2%, 2 ml/kg) from caudal vein 0.5 h before perfusion. EB leakage was used to assess blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability.
   
3. Mice were transcardially perfused with 0.9% NaCl until the perfusate from the right atrium ran clear.
   
4. Mice were directly beheaded, stripping brain tissue on the ice, taking the region before bregma 2.34 mm, after bregma 0.22 mm and aside the middle line 0.6 mm of the cerebral cortex on a cooled culture dish lined before experiment with a knife, which was we focus on the ACC area of the brain. The obtained ACC area was placed in the Eppendorf container cooled on the ice.
   
5. Each sample was weighed and then homogenized in 0.75 ml of PBS and 0.25 ml of 100% TCA solution, which could precipitate macromolecular compounds, including the nucleoprotein, using electronic homogeniser.
   
6. Samples were cooled overnight at 4 °C, and then centrifuged for 30 min at 1,000 x g at 4 °C.
   
7. The EB in the supernatants of each sample were subsequently measured at 620 nm using a 96-well plate reader, 100 μl of each sample was measured. All measurements were within the range of detection established by the standard curve.
   
8. The dye concentration was calculated as the ratio of absorbance relative to the amount of tissue.
   

Recipes

1. 10% chloral hydrate
   10 g chloral hydrate powder + 100 ml double distilled water, mixed to dissolve completely
   
2. 4% paraformaldehyde-freshly-prepared
   20 g paraformaldehyde powder + 500 ml PB incubated at 65 °C, stirred several times to dissolve completely
   Cooled at room temperature and then added double distilled water to 500 ml for evaporated water during the course of dissolution
   
3. 0.9% NaCl
   9 g NaCl powder + 1,000 ml double distilled water, mixed to dissolve completely
   
4. 100% trichloroacetic acid solution
   500 g trichloroacetic acid solution powder + 227 ml double distilled water, mixed to dissolve completely
   Stored at 4 °C and protected from light
   

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81070888 and 81230025 to J.-L.C., 81200859 to H.-L.D. 81202320 to Y. -B. G.), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Education Department (13KJB320024 to J.-X.Y.), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2011198 to J.-L.C.), The Scientific Innovation Group of “Qing Lan Project” of Jiangsu Province (to J.-L.C.), and Jiangsu Provincial Special Program of Medical Science (BL2014029). We thank Wen-Zhen Duan, Heng Cai, and Tian-Hui Gao for administrative assistance.

References

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2. Harford-Wright, E., Lewis, K. M., Ghabriel, M. N. and Vink, R. (2014). Treatment with the NK1 antagonist emend reduces blood brain barrier dysfunction and edema formation in an experimental model of brain tumors. PLoS One 9(5): e97002.
   
3. Yang, J. X., Hua, L., Li, Y. Q., Jiang, Y. Y., Han, D., Liu, H., Tang, Q. Q., Yang, X. N., Yin, C., Hao, L. Y., Yu, L., Wu, P., Shao, C. J., Ding, H. L., Zhang, Y. M. and Cao, J. L. (2015). Caveolin-1 in the anterior cingulate cortex modulates chronic neuropathic pain via regulation of NMDA receptor 2B subunit. J Neurosci 35(1): 36-52.
   

1. Yang, J., Jiang, Y. and Guo, Y. (2015). Measuring Blood-brain-barrier Permeability Using Evans Blue in Mice. Bio-protocol 5(15): e1548. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.1548.
   
2. Yang, J. X., Hua, L., Li, Y. Q., Jiang, Y. Y., Han, D., Liu, H., Tang, Q. Q., Yang, X. N., Yin, C., Hao, L. Y., Yu, L., Wu, P., Shao, C. J., Ding, H. L., Zhang, Y. M. and Cao, J. L. (2015). Caveolin-1 in the anterior cingulate cortex modulates chronic neuropathic pain via regulation of NMDA receptor 2B subunit. J Neurosci 35(1): 36-52.