Materials and reagents

Borosilicate pipette glass with filament (Warner Instruments, catalog number: 64-0793)
Syringe, 5 ml (VWR, catalog number: BD309646)
Syringe filter, 0.2 µm (VWR, catalog number: 10218-486)
23G needle (VWR, catalog number: 89134-098)
Tergazyme (Alconox, catalog number: 1304-1)

Equipment

The equipment listed is in addition to standard patch-clamp electrophysiology equipment (e.g., amplifier, digitizer, headstage, micromanipulator, microscope, and pipette puller). Specific details of the patch-clamp rig used in this paper are described in detail elsewhere (Kolb et al., 2016 and 2019).

Cleaning dish (3D print or mill according to CAD files in SI, with appropriate changes for microscope stage)
Pressure control box (detailed plans and parts list on autopatcher.org, direct order from Neuromatic Devices, neuromaticdevices.com)

Software

Depending on the level of automation desired, download either (1) and (2) for full automation or only (2) to enable “push-to-clean” for manual patch clamping with cleaning.

Autopatcher software (downloadable at autopatcher.org). This software enables full automation of the cell detection, gigasealing, and break-in functions.
Push-to-clean software (downloadable at Github, https://github.com/mightenyip/Pipette-Cleaning-Software). The terminology “push-to-clean” is defined as an otherwise manual electrophysiology rig that includes a button-actuated pipette cleaning function. The button initiates a series of pipette position and pressure changes to clean the pipette for reuse.

Procedure

Before the first experiment

Manufacture cleaning dish according to plans and microscope stage dimensions (Figure 1C, CAD files in Supplementary Information Appendix B) in-house, using an on-demand production service (e.g., Protolabs, protolabs.com), or purchase from a commercial supplier (e.g., Neuromatic Devices).
Install pressure control box on existing patch-clamp electrophysiology rig
1. The pressure control box can be built from scratch according to plans presented by Kodandaramaiah et al. (2016). Schematics, instructions, and parts lists are also available for download at autopatcher.org.
2. A cleaning-compatible pressure control box can be purchased directly from Neuromatic Devices (neuromaticdevices.com).
Download and install software from autopatcher.org. Perform initial software setup. Detailed instructions are provided in Supplementary Information Appendix A.
1. Register the manipulator according to the manufacturer and COM port (see Supplementary Information Figures S1-S2).
2. Register the pressure control box to the specified COM port (see Supplementary Information Figures S1-S2).

Before each experiment

Prepare biological samples for patch-clamp recording. Methods are referenced for experimental preparations in which pipette cleaning has been validated by us or in other published reports.
1. For in vitro HEK 293 cells, follow Kolb et al. (2016). Pipette cleaning works well with wild-type cells, stably transfected lines, and transient transfections (Kolb et al., 2016 and 2019)
2. For rodent neuron culture recording, follow Kaech and Banker (2006) and Kolb et al. (2016). Cleaning for this preparation is verified in Kolb et al. (2016 and 2019).
3. For acute brain tissue slices recording, follow Jiang et al. (2015). Cleaning for this preparation is verified in the following reports Kolb et al. (2016 and 2019).
4. For in vivo mouse recording in anesthetized preparations, follow Bagal et al. (2013). Cleaning for this preparation is verified in Kolb et al. (2016 and 2019) and Stoy et al. (2020).
5. For acute human brain tissue slices, follow Ting et al. (2018) and Peng et al. (2019). Cleaning for this preparation is verified in Peng et al. (2019).
6. For human cerebral organoids, follow Mariani et al. (2015) and Qian et al. (2016). We have verified the cleaning in this preparation in unpublished experiments.
Prepare electrophysiology rig for the patch-clamp experiment and prepare pipettes as appropriate for experiment. Detailed guides for patch-clamp rig setup, denoising, and troubleshooting are provided elsewhere (Perin and Markram, 2013; Wang et al., 2015; Kodandaramaiah et al., 2016).
Load software for a push-to-clean patch-clamp experiment (Supplementary Information Appendix C).
Make 2% w/v Tergazyme cleaning solution.
1. Prepare 2% w/v Tergazyme solution in room temperature deionized water.
2. Mix solution until all Tergazyme powder is dissolved.
  Note: Because Tergazyme is an enzymatic detergent, the enzymatic component degrades over time. The manufacturer recommends making fresh solutions and using them within 8 h for maximum efficacy.
Fill cleaning and rinsing bath reservoirs with filtered solutions
1. Using a syringe with a 0.2 µm filter and 23G needle, fill the appropriate bath reservoir with freshly made 2% w/v Tergazyme (or extracellular solution for rinsing).
2. Be careful not to overfill the cleaning bath reservoir, as this can cause Tergazyme solution to flow into the experimental chamber, potentially damaging the cells.
  Note: To ensure there is no fluid exchange between the cleaning bath and the experimental bath, insert the tip of the pipette into the cleaning bath and monitor the square wave pulse in the voltage clamp. If there is no electrical contact between the ungrounded cleaning bath and the grounded experimental bath, you will see capacitive transients, similar to when the tip of the pipette is in the air. If there is electrical contact, you will see a square wave pulse, similar to when the tip is submerged in the experimental bath. To resolve this, use a task wipe to remove a small amount of fluid from the cleaning bath until electrical contact is eliminated.
In the software interface, calibrate manipulators in reference to cells and cleaning baths (Figure 6).
1. Select and save “exp bath location” position above target cell.
2. Select and save “location above baths” position directly above the cleaning bath reservoir.
3. Select and save “cleaning bath location” position with tip safely submerged in cleaning solution.
4. Select and save “wash bath” position with tip safely submerged in rinsing solution (i.e., extracellular solution) if desired.
  
  Figure 6. Calibration of pipettes for pipette cleaning. Positions used by the push-to-clean software for each cleaning attempt. Images in (A) refer to saved position values in (B). Briefly, (1) refers to position directly above target cells or tissue, (2) refers to a z-location above the clean and rinse baths, (3) refers to the position where the tip is submerged in cleaning solution, and (4) refers to the position where the pipette tip is submerged in the rinsing solution.

Patch-clamp experiment

Attempt patch-clamp recording on target cell
Initiate pipette cleaning using the software interface by clicking the “clean” button. The functions performed by the software are as follows:
1. Pipette retracts from cell to “location above baths” position under light positive pressure (+50 mbar).
2. Pipette moves from “location above baths” position to “cleaning bath location” position until contact is made between the pipette tip and the cleaning solution.
  Note: Touching the pipette to the surface of the cleaning solution can be detected as a change in the capacitance of a square wave pulse at the pipette tip. This can often be observed prior to the pipette visibly touching the surface. Visible confirmation of pipette-fluid contact is also sufficient to begin cleaning.
3. With pipette tip in cleaning bath, suction is applied (-345 mbar) for 5 s.
4. Five rounds of alternating pulses of suction (-345 mbar for 1 s) and positive pressure (+700 mbar for 1 s) are applied.
5. Positive pressure is applied (+700 mbar) for 5 s to expel any residual cleaning solution from pipette tip.
6. Pipette is retracted from cleaning bath to “location above baths” position and then to either “exp bath location” position or “wash bath” position (optional).
Rinse the pipette (optional)
1. Pipette is moved from “cleaning bath location” position to “location above baths” position under positive pressure (+ 200 mbar).
2. Pipette is moved down from “location above baths” position toward “wash bath” position until contact is made between the pipette tip and the cleaning solution.
3. With pipette tip in rinse bath, apply 3 s of suction (-345 mbar) followed by 10 s of positive pressure (+700 mbar).
4. Retract pipette from “wash bath” position to “location above baths” position under positive pressure (+200 mbar).
Attempt patch-clamp recording on next target cell
Repeat steps A-D until the end of the experiment or failure of the pipette (e.g., tip breakage, clog, evaporation of cleaning solution, or user error).
Note: If the pipette appears to be clogged (i.e., visible internal clog observed in pipette tip or increase in resistance) or broken (i.e., visible broken tip or decrease in resistance), then replace it and repeat calibration.

Data analysis

Data from patch-clamp experiments using pipette cleaning can be processed in the same way as traditional patch-clamp experiments using software tools like pClamp (Molecular Devices) or Matlab (Mathworks). A useful analysis to characterize the efficacy of pipette cleaning is a yield curve, with the number of attempts on the x-axis and the gigaseal or whole-cell yield on the y-axis (Figure 2A, Figure 3A, Figure 4A, and Figure 5B). By comparing yield curves to ideal yields in which 100% of cells one attempts to patch result in a whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, it is possible to diagnose problems with cleaning yield, clogs, breaks, or other failure modes (Figure 4A). Methods and experiments can be compared from yield curve data using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In addition, it is important to verify that cleaning does not cause a decrease in patching yield. Success rate plots that show the probability of obtaining a whole-cell for a defined number of cleaning attempts are also useful (Figure 1B-C, Figure 5A). Data from these plots can be modeled using linear regression (e.g., the mnrfit function in MATLAB). Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values test for deviations from initial performance.

Notes

How can pipette cleaning be used for multi-pipette experiments? Peng et al. (2019) recently demonstrated that multi-pipette connectivity studies in both rodent and human brain slices can be greatly accelerated by using pipette cleaning to both increase yield and extend the number of connections tested per tissue [see Figures 3 and 5 of Peng et al. (2019)]. These systems rely on routinely achieving simultaneous whole-cell recordings with all available pipettes to efficiently test for inter-neuronal connections, but obtaining simultaneous whole-cell recordings on all available pipettes is difficult and dependent on experimenter skill (n.b., a study by Perin and Markram (2013) found that with a 12 pipette rig, novice users achieved an average of 4.8 ± 1.7 out of 12 possible whole-cell recordings per attempt, whereas experts achieved 9.6 ± 1.4 out of 12 possible whole-cell recordings per attempt). Implementing a single round of pipette cleaning with 2% w/v Alconox and no rinsing resulted in significant improvements in the success rate (i.e., the ratio of actual to possible number of simultaneous whole-cell recordings) relative to no cleaning for both 8- and 10-manipulator patch-clamp recording setups, from 85 ± 13% to 97 ± 5% and 79 ± 11% to 92 ± 6%, respectively (Peng et al., 2019). Furthermore, once the first round of simultaneous whole-cell recordings was obtained, pipette cleaning allowed for additional surrounding neurons to be patched, increasing the total number of connections that can be tested in a single sample from 140 ± 24% to 244 ± 52% with an 8 pipette rig (Peng et al., 2019). Using this method could enable faster, more efficient collection of large datasets required for understanding neuronal connectivity (Goriounova et al., 2018; Gouwens et al., 2019).
How can pipette cleaning be used for high throughput screening? Large-scale efforts are also underway to discover and characterize drug candidates (Dunlop et al., 2008; Bagal et al., 2013), engineer improved genetic tools for neuroscience (Piatkevich et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019), and understand human mutations in ion channel proteins (Swanger et al., 2016; Ogden et al., 2017). However, many of these projects are limited by the low throughput of traditional patch-clamp experiments (Park et al., 2013; Cho et al., 2019). For most screening experiments, manual patch clamping without cleaning has a throughput of 8-10 whole-cell recordings per experimenter per day (Milligan et al., 2009). Using our automated patch clamp system with 2% w/v Tergazyme, we have demonstrated routine throughputs of 10 whole-cell recordings per pipette per hour and daily throughputs of up to 100 whole-cell recordings (Figure 5) (Kolb et al., 2019). To further show the utility of pipette cleaning for functional screening, we performed a pilot experiment using HEK 293 cells transiently transfected with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR-2). In this experiment, 46 whole-cell recordings were obtained from 51 patch-clamp attempts with a single pipette cleaned using 2% w/v Tergazyme (Figure 3).
What are expected yields using this method? Our yield and recording quality of patch-clamp recordings were comparable to manual pipette replacement. For experiments with HEK 293 cells, whole-cell recording yield was consistently 70-90% using the patcherBot. The ability to perform high-yield, high-throughput experiments in a fully automated Tergazyme cleaning system has also enabled us to iteratively improve our automated method in HEK 293 cells. For example, we compared 2% w/v Tergazyme solution to 2% w/v Alconox and saline in a randomized experiment where the operator was blinded to the identity of the cleaning solution (Figure 2). Following that experiment, we randomly varied the depth of pipette indentation into the cell membrane and found an optimal range that increased whole-cell recording yield to ~90% (Figure 2).
How long can cleaned pipettes be used? We have also found that Tergazyme cleaning is effective on single pipettes reused over 100 times, using the patcherBot (Figure 5) (Kolb et al., 2019). Because typical throughput for patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments is in the range of 10-30 recordings per day, it is likely that pipettes only need to be replaced once per day, except in cases where pipettes are broken or clogged.
How does the cleaning method fail? Using a single pipette cleaned with our improved 2% w/v Tergazyme cleaning solution, we achieved 102 whole-cell recordings in 122 patch-clamp attempts over a 13 h automated experiment. In our attempts to find the failure point of 2% w/v Tergazyme cleaning, pipette breakage or internal clogs were more likely to cause failure than an inability to clean the pipette. Internal pipette clogs are thought to form from environmental dust of particulates in the pipette solution. Clogs tended to form as a function of the duration of positive pressure applied and were more likely to occur over long experiments. Clogs can be diagnosed from flat portions in the yield curve that are unlikely to result from chance. Some clogs are reversible (see a representative trace in Figure 4). Pipettes can also fail after a tip breakage, which typically occurs if a target cell is missed. To determine an approximate failure point of cleaning, consider each patch-clamp attempt as an independent event with a probability equal to the gigaseal recording failure rate and determine the number of cleaning attempts until the probability is less than or equal to 0.01. For example, with a gigaseal failure rate of 30% (i.e., gigaseal success rate = 70%), the likelihood of a sequence of four failures to gigaseal has a probability of <1%.
Does cleaning transfer residual enzyme or detergent to the cells? One concern of patch-clamp experimenters interested in implementing cleaning is the possibility of contamination from residual cleaning solution in the pipette after cleaning. Our initial study addressed this concern with two types of experiments (Kolb et al., 2016). First, we performed electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) on fresh pipettes and pipettes cleaned with 2% w/v Alconox and found that no Alconox residues were detectable. For this experiment, we used 2% w/v Alconox, and the limit of detection was 147 ng/ml. Secondly, we performed patch-clamp experiments on HEK 293 cells expressing the γ-aminobutyric acid type A Receptor (GABA_AR), which is known to be sensitive to extracellular application of detergents. In these experiments, we did not find any statistically significant differences in GABA_AR electrophysiology between cleaned and fresh pipettes.
Is the rinsing step (Procedure Step C. Rinse the pipette) required? Interestingly, recent experiments by Peng et al. (2019) (using human brain slices) and by our lab (using mouse brain slices, Figure 5) have provided evidence that the rinse step (Procedure, Step C. Rinse the pipette (optional) ) is unnecessary. Thus, in this method description, we label it as “optional.” However, if the possibility of contamination is still a concern in a particular experiment, we suggest rinsing as described in Procedure Step C. Rinse the pipette (optional) with the following modifications as needed to minimize risk:
1. Add time and cycles to the rinsing step to remove residual Tergazyme by dilution.
2. Reduce the concentration of Tergazyme in the cleaning solution. A 2% w/v Tergazyme solution is effective at cleaning pipettes up to 100 times with no measurable degradation in yield (Figure 4). This suggests that lower concentrations of Tergazyme will still be effective for pipette cleaning, with a potential trade-off in the maximum number of cleans per pipette.
3. Increase the perfusion rate of the external solution so that any residual Tergazyme is removed from the experimental chamber quickly.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01NS102727, R01DA029639, U01MH106027, and R01 EY023173. We also acknowledge the original research papers from which this protocol is derived, Kolb et al. (2016 and 2019).

Competing interests

MCY and IK have consulting agreements with Neuromatic Devices, which manufactures pipette pressure control systems. IK, WAS, and CRF are inventors on U.S. Patent 10,830,758 related to pipette cleaning technology and licensed to Sensapex.

Ethics

For the representative work of cleaning using acute rodent brain slices, all animal procedures were in accordance with the US National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Georgia Institute of Technology (A100359, Exp: Dec, 2022). When using cleaning methods for experiments requiring ethics committee approval, please follow the appropriate legal and institutional guidance.

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